編譯|李言
Science, 29 May 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6750
《科學(xué)》2025年5月29日，第388卷，6750期
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
Vapor-assisted surface reconstruction enables outdoor-stable perovskite solar modules
氣相輔助表面重構(gòu)技術(shù)實現(xiàn)可在戶外穩(wěn)定工作的鈣鈦礦太陽能組件
▲ 作者：Xiangnan Sun, Wenda Shi et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv4280
▲摘要：
自然光暗循環(huán)中的光照強度變化會引發(fā)鈣鈦礦太陽能電池不可逆的離子遷移，嚴(yán)重制約其戶外長期運行穩(wěn)定性。通過采用氣相沉積多齒配體隔離鈣鈦礦表面缺陷八面體，我們成功解決這一難題。表面八面體隔離技術(shù)可有效抑制離子向電荷傳輸層的遷移，減少表面離子缺陷，從而調(diào)控光暗循環(huán)中的離子遷移動力學(xué)。基于該技術(shù)制備的785平方厘米工業(yè)級鈣鈦礦光伏組件，實現(xiàn)了19.6%的功率轉(zhuǎn)換效率（PCE）。
在50℃條件下經(jīng)歷101次光暗循環(huán)后，組件仍能保持97%以上的初始效率，展現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的日間穩(wěn)定性。在夏季嚴(yán)苛戶外環(huán)境中連續(xù)運行45天后，該鈣鈦礦組件的功率輸出穩(wěn)定性已達(dá)到硅電池水平。
▲ Abstract：
Natural illumination variations in light-dark cycles induce irreversible ion migration in perovskite solar cells, posing substantial challenges to their long-term outdoor operational stability. We addressed this issue by isolating defective octahedra at the perovskite surface using a vapor-deposited polydentate ligand. Surface octahedra isolation suppresses ion migration into the charge transport layer and reduces surface ionic defects, modulating the kinetics of ion migration during light-dark cycles. Our 785-square-centimeter industrial-scale perovskite solar modules achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.6%. Our modules demonstrated enhanced diurnal stability, retaining more than 97% of their initial PCE even after 101 light-dark cycles at 50°C. Our perovskite modules maintained stable power output during 45 days of outdoor operation under severe summer conditions, exhibiting stability comparable with that of the reference silicon cell.
Testing interelectronic interaction in lithium-like tin
鋰類錫離子中電子間相互作用的測試研究
▲ 作者：Jonathan Morgner, Vladimir A. Yerokhin et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5981
▲摘要：
束縛電子體系的磁矩是檢驗基本相互作用的靈敏探針。近年來，類鋰離子的精確研究為相對論性電子間效應(yīng)提供了新見解。
在這項研究中，我們報道了精度達(dá)0.5 ppb的類鋰錫離子g因子測量結(jié)果，以及包含電子間相互作用高級處理方法的從頭算理論計算。通過結(jié)合類氫錫離子g因子的實驗結(jié)果，我們進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化了理論預(yù)測，由此推演出未知的高階量子電動力學(xué)（QED）效應(yīng)。
在原子序數(shù)Z=50的高核電荷體系中該區(qū)域QED效應(yīng)顯著增強，觀測與理論的高度吻合首次獨立驗證了修正理論模型的正確性。
▲ Abstract：
Magnetic moments of bound-electron systems are a sensitive tool for testing fundamental interactions. The g factors of lithium-like ions have been rigorously studied in recent years, enabling insights into the relativistic interelectronic effects. In this work, we present the g-factor measurement of lithium-like tin, accurate to 0.5 parts per billion, as well as ab initio theoretical calculations that include an advanced treatment of the interelectronic interaction. We further improved the prediction by using the experimental result for the hydrogen-like tin g factor, inferring from it the unknown higher-order quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects. The observed agreement independently confirms the revised theory at a previously inaccessible high atomic number Z of 50, where QED effects are considerably larger.
生物學(xué)Biology
Functional polymorphism of CYCLE underlies the diapause variation in moths
CYCLE的功能多態(tài)性調(diào)控蛾類滯育變異
▲ 作者：Shirui Zheng, Yaohui Wang et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2129
▲摘要：
滯育是昆蟲調(diào)控年度生活史節(jié)律的重要季節(jié)性適應(yīng)策略。目前鮮少發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致滯育變異的因果位點。通過交叉定位與全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析，我們首次鑒定出生物鐘蛋白CYCLE的N端結(jié)構(gòu)域是家蠶胚胎滯育差異的關(guān)鍵效應(yīng)因子。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，多化性品系（連續(xù)多代繁殖型）的非滯育表型源于特定缺失突變，該突變破壞了CYCLE蛋白的一種亞型。我們進(jìn)一步證實，不同CYCLE亞型通過調(diào)控晝夜節(jié)律產(chǎn)生功能分化從而影響滯育表型，這一機(jī)制在鱗翅目昆蟲中已保守存在至少1.1億年。
我們的研究提出了一個創(chuàng)新模型，揭示生物體如何在維持核心功能的前提下快速演化出適應(yīng)性表型。
▲ Abstract：
Diapause is a common seasonal adaptive strategy that regulates annual timing in insects. Very few causal loci underlying diapause variation have yet been identified. By leveraging cross-mapping and genome-wide association analysis, we identified the N terminus of the clock protein CYCLE as a major causal effector underlying embryonic diapause differences in the silk moth. We found that the nondiapause phenotype in polyvoltine strains results from a specific deletion that disrupts an alternative isoform of CYCLE. We further demonstrated that different CYCLE isoforms contribute to a functional diversity in modulating circadian rhythms and diapause, which has been preserved in Lepidoptera for at least 110 million years. Our study proposes a model that explains how adaptive phenotypes can evolve rapidly without affecting related essential functions.
農(nóng)業(yè)Agriculture
A single domestication origin of adzuki bean in Japan and the evolution of domestication genes
日本赤小豆的單一馴化起源及馴化基因的演化
▲ 作者：Chih-Cheng Chien, Takashi Seiko et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads2871
▲摘要：
赤小豆是東亞飲食文化中的核心豆類作物，但其馴化起源一直存在爭議。通過對約700份亞洲地區(qū)赤小豆種質(zhì)的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其初始馴化發(fā)生于3000—5000年前的日本繩文時代中期，隨后向中國擴(kuò)張并與中國野生種群發(fā)生二次雜交。
我們定位、驗證并測定了與種皮顏色演化相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵基因（控制斑紋黑色消失的VaPAP1基因和控制紅色獲得的VaANR1基因）。影響關(guān)鍵馴化性狀的變異頻率增加顯著早于野生與栽培群體的分化。這些結(jié)果解決了赤小豆起源的遺傳學(xué)與考古學(xué)證據(jù)矛盾，重建了考古植物學(xué)無法觀測的性狀演化軌跡，支持早期弱選擇在馴化過程中的作用。
▲ Abstract：
Adzuki is a central legume in East Asian culinary culture, yet its domestication origin remains debated. Using ~700 accessions across Asia, we show that the initial domestication happened three to five thousand years ago in central Japan during the Jomon period, followed by a range expansion into China and secondary hybridization with Chinese wild populations. We mapped, validated, and dated key genes associated with seed coat color evolution (VaPAP1 for loss of mottled black and VaANR1 for gain of red colors). The frequency increases of variants affecting key domestication syndrome substantially predated the wild-cultigen divergence. Together, our results resolve the conflict between genetic and archaeological evidence about adzuki origins and reconstruct the evolutionary trajectory of archaeobotanically unobservable traits, consistent with a role of early weak selection during domestication.
地球科學(xué)Earth Science
Glacier preservation doubled by limiting warming to 1.5°C versus 2.7°C
將全球變暖控制在1.5度而非2.7度可使冰川留存量增加一倍
▲ 作者：Harry Zekollari, Lilian Schuster et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu4675
▲摘要：
冰川對氣候變化的適應(yīng)非常緩慢，這對海平面上升和水資源供給具有長期影響。通過8種冰川模型，我們模擬了全球冰川在多世紀(jì)尺度上的演化過程，使冰川能在不同恒溫氣候情景下達(dá)到新的平衡狀態(tài)。
我們預(yù)測，即使全球溫度穩(wěn)定在當(dāng)前水平，到平衡狀態(tài)時全球冰川仍將損失39%（區(qū)間15—55%）的質(zhì)量（以2020年為基準(zhǔn)），相當(dāng)于全球平均海平面上升113毫米（區(qū)間43—204毫米）。在實現(xiàn)《巴黎協(xié)定》1.5度溫控目標(biāo)的情景下，冰川平衡態(tài)質(zhì)量保有量（53%）將是當(dāng)前政策路徑（預(yù)計2100年升溫2.7度）下的兩倍有余（24%）。
我們的研究結(jié)果強調(diào)了，為能確保冰川長期留存，實施嚴(yán)格的氣候減緩政策的必要性。
▲ Abstract：
Glaciers adapt slowly to changing climatic conditions, with long-term implications for sea-level rise and water supply. Using eight glacier models, we simulated global glacier evolution over multicentennial timescales, allowing glaciers to equilibrate with climate under various constant global temperature scenarios. We estimate that glaciers globally will lose 39 (range, 15 to 55)% of their mass relative to 2020, corresponding to a global mean sea-level rise of 113 (range, 43 to 204) mm even if temperatures stabilized at present-day conditions. Under the +1.5°C Paris Agreement goal, more than twice as much global glacier mass remains at equilibration (53% versus 24%) compared with the warming level resulting from current policies (+2.7°C by 2100 above preindustrial). Our findings stress the need for stringent mitigation policies to ensure the long-term preservation of glaciers.
Thermal acclimation of stem respiration implies a weaker carbon-climate feedback
莖呼吸的熱馴化效應(yīng)暗示了較弱的碳—氣候反饋作用
▲ 作者：Han Zhang, Han Wang et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9978
▲摘要：
木質(zhì)莖釋放的二氧化碳作為莖呼吸的表征指標(biāo)，是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)向大氣輸送碳通量的關(guān)鍵途徑，其在短時間尺度上會隨溫度升高而增強。然而，植物能在更長時間尺度上調(diào)節(jié)呼吸作用對溫度的響應(yīng)，可能削弱碳—氣候反饋。盡管該馴化程度對氣候變化預(yù)測至關(guān)重要，但其量級仍存在不確定性。
我們建立了基于最優(yōu)性理論的動態(tài)模型，通過關(guān)聯(lián)莖干呼吸與葉片水分供給來預(yù)測其熱馴化過程。我們展示了該理論能準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)空間和季節(jié)變化的觀測數(shù)據(jù)。我們估算當(dāng)前全球莖干二氧化碳年釋放量為27.4±5.9 PgC。到2100年，考慮熱馴化效應(yīng)將使莖干呼吸的預(yù)測值比未考慮馴化的模型降低24%—46%，從而顯著減少陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳排放。
▲ Abstract：
The efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from woody stems, a proxy for stem respiration, is a critical carbon flux from ecosystems to the atmosphere, which increases with temperature on short timescales. However, plants acclimate their respiratory response to temperature on longer timescales, potentially weakening the carbon-climate feedback. The magnitude of this acclimation is uncertain despite its importance for predicting future climate change. We develop an optimality-based theory dynamically linking stem respiration with leaf water supply to predict its thermal acclimation. We show that the theory accurately reproduces observations of spatial and seasonal change. We estimate the global value for current annual stem CO2 efflux as 27.4 ± 5.9 PgC. By 2100, incorporating thermal acclimation reduces projected stem respiration without considering acclimation by 24 to 46%, thus reducing land ecosystem carbon emissions.
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