Nature, 12 June 2025, Volume 642 Issue 8067
《自然》，2025年6月12日，第642卷，8067期
物理學Physics
The structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ X-ray diffraction
原位X射線衍射解析液態碳結構
▲ 作者：D. Kraus, J. Rips, M. Schorner et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09035-6
▲摘要：在此，通過X射線自由電子激光器的原位X射線衍射，我們在約100萬個大氣壓的壓力下對液態碳進行了精確的結構測量。我們的結果顯示了一個具有瞬態鍵、平均約有四個近鄰的復雜流體，與量子分子動力學模擬一致。
我們獲得的數據證實了對宇宙中最豐富的元素之一的液態的理解，并可以測試熔化線的模型。其中所展示的實驗能力為在極端條件下對由輕元素組成的液體的結構進行類似的研究開辟了道路。
▲ Abstract：Here we present a precise structure measurement of liquid carbon at pressures of around 1 million atmospheres obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction at an X-ray free-electron laser. Our results show a complex fluid with transient bonding and approximately four nearest neighbours on average, in agreement with quantum molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained data substantiate the understanding of the liquid state of one of the most abundant elements in the universe and can test models of the melting line. The demonstrated experimental abilities open the path to performing similar studies of the structure of liquids composed of light elements at extreme conditions.
化學Chemistry
Preparation of a neutral nitrogen allotrope hexanitrogen C2h-N6
制備中性分子氮同素異形體C2h-N6
▲ 作者：Weiyu Qian (錢偉煜), Artur Mardyukov & Peter R. Schreiner
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09032-9
▲摘要：在此，我們展示了通過氯或溴與疊氮化銀的氣相反應在室溫下制備中性六氮分子（N6），然后在10K時將其捕獲在氬氣基質中。我們還在液氮溫度（77K）下制備了整齊的N6薄膜，并進一步證明了其穩定性。
紅外和紫外—可見光譜、15N同位素標記和理論計算都有力地支持了我們的發現。亞穩態分子氮同素異形體的制備有助于我們的基礎科學知識，并可能為未來的儲能概念開辟新的機會。
▲ Abstract：Here we present the room-temperature preparation of molecular N6 (hexanitrogen) through the gas-phase reaction of chlorine or bromine with silver azide, followed by trapping in argon matrices at 10 K. We also prepared neat N6 as a film at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), further indicating its stability. Infrared and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, 15N-isotope labelling and ab initio computations firmly support our findings. The preparation of a metastable molecular nitrogen allotrope beyond N2 contributes to our fundamental scientific knowledge and possibly opens new opportunities for future energy-storage concepts.
地球科學Earth Science
Ru and W isotope systematics in ocean island basalts reveals core leakage
洋島玄武巖Ru、W同位素系統揭示巖芯滲漏
▲ 作者：Nils Messling, Matthias Willbold et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09003-0
▲ 摘要：在此，我們報道了洋島玄武巖的釕同位素異常。夏威夷玄武巖的ε100Ru高于周圍的地幔。結合非放射性成因的鎢（W）同位素比值，可以判斷出地核對地幔源的貢獻。
夏威夷玄武巖的Ru和W同位素組合系統最好用簡單的巖芯夾帶作用進行解釋，但在巖芯—地幔邊界添加巖芯衍生的氧化礦物是可能的。
▲ Abstract：Here we report Ru isotope anomalies for ocean island basalts. Basalts from Hawaii have higher ε100Ru than the ambient mantle. Combined with unradiogenic tungsten (W) isotope ratios, this is diagnostic of a core contribution to their mantle sources. The combined Ru and W isotope systematics of Hawaiian basalts are best explained by simple core entrainment but addition of core-derived oxide minerals at the core–mantle boundary is a possibility.
農學Agriculture
The phased pan-genome of tetraploid European potato
四倍體歐洲馬鈴薯的階段性泛基因組
▲ 作者：Hequan Sun, Sergio Tusso et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08843-0
▲摘要：在此，我們展示了從10個歷史馬鈴薯品種的分階段基因組組裝產生的歐洲馬鈴薯的泛基因組，其中包括在歐洲分離的所有單倍型的約85%。單倍型之間的序列多樣性非常高（例如，比人類高20倍），這是由于來自野生馬鈴薯物種的大量基因滲入。
相比之下，單倍型多樣性非常低，這與馴化和向歐洲過渡造成的種群瓶頸一致。為了說明泛基因組的實際應用，我們將其轉換成單倍型圖，并使用它來生成分階段的、百萬級規模的商業馬鈴薯品種（包括著名的炸薯條馬鈴薯“Russet Burbank”）的偽基因組組裝。
綜上，我們提出了一個幾乎完整的同源四倍體歐洲馬鈴薯的泛基因組，并且描述了馴化作物中非常高的序列多樣性，同時概述了如何利用這一資源來加速基因組學輔助育種和研究。
▲ Abstract：Here we present the pan-genome of European potatoes generated from phased genome assemblies of ten historical potato cultivars, which includes approximately 85% of all haplotypes segregating in Europe. Sequence diversity between the haplotypes was extremely high (for example, 20× higher than in humans), owing to numerous introgressions from wild potato species. By contrast, haplotype diversity was very low, in agreement with the population bottlenecks caused by domestication and transition to Europe. To illustrate a practical application of the pan-genome, we converted it into a haplotype graph and used it to generate phased, megabase-scale pseudo-genome assemblies of commercial potatoes (including the famous French fries potato ‘Russet Burbank’) using cost-efficient short reads only. In summary, we present a nearly complete pan-genome of autotetraploid European potato, we describe extraordinarily high sequence diversity in a domesticated crop, and we outline how this resource might be used to accelerate genomics-assisted breeding and research.
生物學Biology
Light-microscopy-based connectomic reconstruction of mammalian brain tissue
基于光學顯微鏡的哺乳動物腦組織連接組重建
▲ 作者：Mojtaba R. Tavakoli, Julia Lyudchik et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08985-1
▲摘要：光學顯微鏡雖能特異性觀測分子，但由于分辨率、對比度和三維成像能力的限制，其在密集突觸級神經環路重構中的應用一直難以實現。
在此，我們描述了基于光學顯微鏡的連接組學（LICONN）。我們將專門設計的水凝膠嵌入和擴展與全面的基于深度學習的連接分割和分析相結合，從而將分子信息直接納入腦組織的突觸級重建。
LICONN將有助于在生物學實驗中以易于采用的方式對腦組織進行突觸水平的表型分析。
▲ Abstract： Light microscopy is uniquely positioned to visualize specific molecules, but dense, synapse-level circuit reconstruction by light microscopy has been out of reach, owing to limitations in resolution, contrast and volumetric imaging capability. Here we describe light-microscopy-based connectomics (LICONN). We integrated specifically engineered hydrogel embedding and expansion with comprehensive deep-learning-based segmentation and analysis of connectivity, thereby directly incorporating molecular information into synapse-level reconstructions of brain tissue. LICONN will allow synapse-level phenotyping of brain tissue in biological experiments in a readily adoptable manner.
醫學Medicine
Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages
炎癥性腸病在流行病學階段的全球演變
▲ 作者：Lindsay Hracs, Joseph W. Windsor et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0
▲ 摘要：在20世紀，炎癥性腸病（IBD）被認為是北美、歐洲和大洋洲早期工業化地區流行的一種疾病。21世紀之交，IBD發病率在非洲、亞洲和拉丁美洲的新興工業化區域有所增加，同時在早期工業化區域的患病率也繼續穩步增長。
在此，通過使用涵蓋了82個全球地區、跨越一個多世紀（1920至2024年）的522項人口研究的真實世界數據，我們展示了第1—3階段和模型第4階段的時空變化。了解IBD在各個流行病學階段的演變，使醫療保健系統能夠更好地預測IBD的未來全球負擔。 ▲ Abstract：During the twentieth century, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was considered a disease of early industrialized regions in North America, Europe and Oceania. At the turn of the twenty-first century, IBD incidence increased in newly industrialized and emerging regions in Africa, Asia and Latin America, while the prevalence in early industrialized regions continued to grow steadily. Here, using real-world data from 522 population-based studies encompassing 82 global regions and spanning more than a century (1920–2024), we show spatiotemporal transitions across stages 1–3 and model stage 4 progression. Understanding the evolution of IBD across epidemiologic stages enables healthcare systems to better anticipate the future worldwide burden of IBD.
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