Science, 26 JUN 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6754
《科學》2025年6月26日，第388卷，6754期
材料科學Materials Science
Gradient refractive indices enable squid structural color and inspire multispectral materials
梯度折射率使魷魚具有結構色，并激發了多光譜材料的靈感
▲ 作者：GEORGII BOGDANOV, ALEKSANDRA ANNA STRZELECKA, NIKHIL KAIMAL, STEPHEN L. SENFT, SANGHOON LEE, ROGER T. HANLON, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1570
▲ 摘要：
利用具有不同折射率分布的材料來操縱光在自然系統和現代技術中很普遍。然而，理解動物如何利用折射率差異實現動態變色，并將其轉化為可調光學設備仍頗具挑戰性。
研究組通過實驗和計算證明，含有正弦波折射率分布的布拉格反射體的虹彩細胞使魷魚背側套膜組織能夠在接近透明和彩色狀態之間可逆轉換。然后，他們從這些發現中汲取靈感，設計和開發了具有可調可見光和紅外功能的虹彩細胞啟發的多光譜復合材料。
該研究為魷魚的動態結構調色機制提供了新見解，并為偽裝、熱管理、顯示和傳感應用等提供了一種技術。
▲ Abstract：
Accelerated discovery of stable, extra-large-pore nano zeolites with micro-electron diffraction
利用微電子衍射加速發現穩定的超大孔納米沸石
▲ 作者：CHAO MA, ZHENGHAN ZHANG, MENGDI ZHANG, XUDONG TIAN, CONG LIN, LEI HAN, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv5073
▲ 摘要：
具有超大孔隙和納米尺寸的穩定沸石能夠處理大分子，需求量很大，但很難生產。其復雜的結構和納米級晶體尺寸為傳統X射線衍射結構分析帶來了挑戰，導致材料開發效率低下。
研究組報道了兩種穩健、全連接的硅酸鋁納米沸石NJU120-1和NJU120-2，具有超大22元環孔的互聯通道系統。NJU120-1是一種厚度僅為8納米左右的納米片，相當于1.5個晶胞，NJU120-2是一種尺寸為50′250納米的納米棒。
通過MicroED的快速結構測定，大大加快了兩者的合成優化，并揭示了其多維孔隙結構。這兩種沸石的最大自由球直徑約為1.2納米，再加上納米形態，實現了大分子的催化裂解。
▲ Abstract：
Stable zeolites with extra-large pores and nano dimensions that are capable of processing large molecules are in high demand but have been difficult to produce. Their complex structures and nanoscale crystal sizes present challenges for analysis using conventional x-ray diffraction techniques, leading to inefficiencies in material development. We report NJU120-1 and NJU120-2, two robust and fully connected aluminosilicate nano zeolites featuring interconnected channel systems with extra-large 22-ring pores. NJU120-1 is a nanosheet with only about 8-nanometer thickness, corresponding to 1.5 unit cells, and NJU120-2 is a nanorod with 50 by 250 nanometer dimensions. Their synthesis optimization was greatly accelerated through rapid structure determination with MicroED, revealing their multidimensional pore structures. Their very large largest-free-sphere diameters of approximately 1.2 nanometers coupled with nano morphologies enabled catalytic cracking of large molecules.
化學Chemistry
Spontaneous formation of urea from carbon dioxide and ammonia in aqueous droplets
二氧化碳和氨在水滴中自發形成尿素
▲ 作者：MERCEDE AZIZBAIG MOHAJER, PALLAB BASURI, ANDREI EVDOKIMOV, GROGORY DAVID, DANIEL ZINDEL, EVANGELOS MILIORDOS, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv2362
▲ 摘要：
尿素是尋找生命起源的關鍵分子，也是工業大量生產的基礎化學品。由氨和二氧化碳形成尿素通常需要高壓和高溫，或在較溫和的條件依賴催化劑或額外的試劑來形成。
研究組觀察到在環境條件下，氨和二氧化碳在水滴表層自發形成尿素。他們利用拉曼光譜帶作為標記探測了單個光學捕獲的液滴。結果發現液滴表層就像一個微型流動反應器，化學梯度提供了一種非常規反應途徑。
該觀測揭示了獨特液滴化學的通用機理方案。界面化學是前生命時期尿素生成的一種潛在的非耗能途徑。
▲ Abstract：
Carbonyl-to-sulfur swap enabled by sequential double carbon-carbon bond activation
通過序貫雙碳—碳鍵活化實現羰基—硫交換
▲ 作者：ZINING ZHANG AND GUANGBIN DONG
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx2723
▲ 摘要：
在藥物開發中，用硫原子取代骨架碳原子可產生具有優異性能的生物活性化合物類似物。目前，硫類似物幾乎都是通過從頭合成制備；現有的碳硫交換方法效率低下，且涉及化學計量汞試劑。
研究組報道了一種兩步羰基到硫原子（CO-to-S）交換方法，通過合理設計的N’-烷基-肼酰胺（NAHA）試劑，經由不同機制連續兩次形成預芳香中間體，從而實現酮底物兩個α-C-C鍵的均裂。
Ts-S-Ts（Ts，對甲苯磺酰基）試劑通過中心硫原子連續捕獲分子間和分子內烷基自由基來介導這一過程。該方法顯示出廣泛的底物范圍和良好的化學選擇性，為從易得的酮類化合物構建含硫支架提供了一條簡化途徑。
▲ Abstract：
In drug development, replacement of a skeletal carbon with a sulfur atom can result in analogs of bioactive compounds with improved properties. Currently, the sulfur analogs are almost exclusively prepared by de novo synthesis; the existing approach to swap carbon with sulfur is inefficient and involves stoichiometric mercury reagents. In this study, we report a two-step carbonyl-to-sulfur (CO-to-S) atom swap approach, enabled by a rationally designed N′-alkyl-hydrazonamide (NAHA) reagent that promotes forming pre-aromatic intermediates twice sequentially by different mechanisms, thereby achieving homolytic cleavage of both α-C-C bonds of the ketone substrates. A Ts-S-Ts (Ts, p-toluenesulfonyl) reagent mediates this process through successive intermolecular and intramolecular alkyl radical trapping by the central sulfur. This method shows a broad substrate scope and excellent chemoselectivity, providing a streamlined route to sulfur-containing scaffolds from readily available ketones.
地球科學Earth Science
Migrating shallow slow slip on the Nankai Trough megathrust captured by borehole observatories
鉆孔觀測到的南海海溝大逆沖斷層上的遷移淺層慢滑
▲ 作者：JOSHUA R. EDGINGTON, DEMIAN M. SAFFER AND CHARLES A. WILLIAMS
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads9715
▲ 摘要：
近海俯沖帶應變積累和釋放模式與淺層同震滑移和海嘯發生的可能性直接相關，但這些模式仍然難以捉摸。
研究組分析了日本本州島南海俯沖帶三個海上鉆孔觀測站的地層孔隙壓力記錄，以捕獲沿板塊邊界最外緣的兩次慢滑事件（SSE）的詳細滑移時間史。滑移起始于海溝向陸一側約30千米處；以每天1至2千米的速度向海遷移，到達距離海溝幾千米以內，并可能突破海溝邊界；且與震顫和/或極低頻地震的發生和遷移相吻合。
SSE震源區處于高孔隙流體壓力和低應力帶，為將這些因素與淺層慢地震聯系起來提供了明確的觀測證據。
▲ Abstract：
Patterns of strain accumulation and release offshore in subduction zones are directly linked to the potential for shallow coseismic slip and tsunamigenesis, but these patterns remain elusive. In this work, we analyze formation pore pressure records from three offshore borehole observatories at the Nankai subduction zone, Honshu, Japan, to capture detailed slip-time histories of two slow slip events (SSEs) along the outermost reaches of the plate boundary. Slip initiates ~30 kilometers landward of the trench; migrates seaward at 1 to 2 kilometers per day to within a few kilometers of, and possibly breaching, the trench; and coincides with the onset and migration of tremor and/or very-low-frequency earthquakes. The SSE source region lies in a zone of high pore fluid pressure and low stress, which provides clear observational evidence linking these factors to shallow slow earthquakes.
Interplate slip before, during, and after the 2024 Mw 7 Hyuga-nada earthquake, southwest Japan
2024年日本西南部日向灘7級地震前、中、后期的板塊間滑移
▲ 作者：SHINZABURO OZAWA, HIROSHI MUNEKANE, HISASHI SUITO AND HIROSHI YARAI
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu7076
▲ 摘要：
利用全球導航衛星系統數據，研究組分析了2024年日本日向灘地震前、中、后期的板塊間滑移特征。
地震前，從2023年底開始，在主震的下傾延伸區觀測到一次矩震級（Mw）6.0的慢滑事件（SSE）。同震滑移與1996年日向灘震源相鄰。余震在震源區附近和主震的下傾延伸區消退，在2024年9月16日達到累積6.7級。
在地震發生前，滑裂前區SSE的重現周期從過去30年觀測估計的平均2年縮短到1年，這與南海大型逆沖區構造減弱的歸因模擬結果一致。
▲ Abstract：
Using Global Navigation Satellite System data, we investigated the interplate slip before, during, and after the 2024 Hyuga-nada earthquake in Japan. Before the earthquake, a moment magnitude (Mw) 6.0 slow-slip event (SSE) was observed from late 2023 in a downdip extension of the mainshock. The coseismic slip was adjacent to the 1996 Hyuga-nada earthquake source. The afterslip resolved near the hypocenter area and in the downdip extension of the mainshock, reaching Mw 6.7 on 16 September 2024. Leading up to the earthquake, the recurrence interval for SSEs in the preslip area shortened from an average of 2 years, estimated from observations over the past 30 years, to 1 year, consistent with simulations in which the weakening of the Nankai megathrust was attributed to the cause.
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