編譯|未玖
Science, 17 JUL 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6757
《科學(xué)》2025年7月17日，第389卷，6757期
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
Dome-celled aerogels with ultrahigh-temperature superelasticity over 2273 K
2273K以上超高溫超彈性圓頂晶胞氣凝膠
▲ 作者：KAI PANG, YUXING XIA, XIAOTING LIU, WENHAO TONG, XIAOTONG LI, CHENYANG LI, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw5777
▲摘要：
氣凝膠以其高孔隙率和極低密度而聞名，可由一系列材料制成，但在極端熱機械條件下的應(yīng)用受限于結(jié)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)定性。
研究組報道了194種圓頂晶胞超輕氣凝膠，通過二維通道限域化學(xué)策略實現(xiàn)了從4.2K至2273K極寬溫度范圍內(nèi)的優(yōu)異彈性。這種氣凝膠在99%應(yīng)變下2萬次循環(huán)后仍表現(xiàn)出超彈性，在2273K高溫下100次循環(huán)后表現(xiàn)出抗熱震性。
這種高熵碳化物氣凝膠在1273 K和2273 K下的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)分別為53.4 mW·m?1·K?1和171.1 mW·m?1·K?1。溫度不變彈性和化學(xué)多樣性的結(jié)合使得這種氣凝膠在從隔熱工業(yè)到深空探索等極端熱機械應(yīng)用中極具前景。
▲ Abstract：
Aerogels are known for their high porosity and very low density and can be made from a range of materials, but are limited by structural instability under extreme thermomechanical conditions. We report on 194 types of dome-celled ultralight aerogels that maintain superior elasticity spanning from 4.2 kelvin (K) to 2273 K, realized by a two-dimensional channel–confined chemistry method. Such aerogels exhibit superelasticity under 99% strain for 20,000 cycles and thermal shock resistance at 2273 K over 100 cycles. The high-entropy carbide aerogel achieves a thermal conductivity of 53.4 mW·m?1·K?1 at 1273 K and 171.1 mW·m?1·K?1 at 2273 K. The combination of temperature-invariant elasticity and chemical diversity makes such aerogels highly promising for extreme thermomechanics, from heat-insulated industries to deep space exploration.
Two-dimensional indium selenide wafers for integrated electronics
二維硒化銦晶圓助力集成電子
▲ 作者：BIAO QIN, JIANFENG JIANG, LU WANG, QUANLIN GUO, CHENXI ZHANG, LIN XU, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu3803
▲摘要：
二維（2D）硒化銦具有低有效質(zhì)量、高熱速度和優(yōu)異的電子遷移率，是一種有望超越硅電子的半導(dǎo)體，但生長薄膜尚未達(dá)到剝離微米級薄片的性能水平。
研究組報道了一種固-液-固策略，通過創(chuàng)建富銦液體界面并保持嚴(yán)格的銦硒1:1化學(xué)計量比，將非晶硒化銦薄膜轉(zhuǎn)化為純相、高結(jié)晶度的硒化銦晶圓。所得硒化銦薄膜在整個約5厘米晶圓上表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的均勻性、純相性和高結(jié)晶度。
基于該硒化銦晶圓制備的晶體管陣列表現(xiàn)出卓越的電子性能，超越了所有2D薄膜基器件，包括室溫下極高的遷移率（平均高達(dá)287 cm2/V s）和接近玻爾茲曼極限的亞閾值擺幅（平均低至67 mV/10倍頻）。
▲ Abstract：
Two-dimensional (2D) indium selenide, with its low effective mass, high thermal velocity, and exceptional electronic mobility, is a promising semiconductor for surpassing silicon electronics, but grown films have not achieved performance comparable with that of exfoliated micrometer-scale flakes. We report a solid?liquid?solid strategy that converts amorphous indium selenide films into pure-phase, high-crystallinity indium selenide wafers by creating an indium-rich liquid interface and maintaining a strict 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of indium to selenium. The as-obtained indium selenide films exhibit exceptional uniformity, a pure phase, and a high crystallinity across an entire ~5-centimeter wafer. Transistor arrays based on the produced indium selenide wafers demonstrate outstanding electronic performance surpassing that of all 2D film-based devices, including an extremely high mobility (averaging as high as 287 square centimeters per volt-second) and a near-Boltzmann-limit subthreshold swing (averaging as low as 67 millivolts per decade) at room temperature.
化學(xué)Chemistry
Skeletal editing of pyrrolidines by nitrogen-atom insertion
氮原子插入吡咯烷的骨架編輯
▲ 作者：JINGHAO LI, PENGCHENG TANG, YANG FAN AND HONGJIAN LU
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4755
▲摘要：
鑒于含氮雜環(huán)在生物活性分子中普遍存在，在飽和環(huán)中插入氮原子為擴大類藥物化學(xué)空間提供了一種強大但尚未開發(fā)的骨架遷躍策略。
研究組提出了一種骨架編輯方法，在溫和、操作簡單的條件下用易于獲取的O-二苯基膦酰羥胺，直接將氮原子插入吡咯烷環(huán)，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為四氫噠嗪骨架。該方法具有廣泛的底物適用性和官能團兼容性，能夠?qū)?fù)雜分子進(jìn)行后期編輯。
此外，對所得四氫噠嗪進(jìn)行簡單的氧化還原操作，可獲得飽和哌噠嗪和芳香噠嗪-富氮骨架，這在藥物化學(xué)中具有很高的價值，但通常難以合成。總而言之，這項工作為飽和吡咯烷的氮基骨架編輯建立了一個多功能平臺，擴展了藥物化學(xué)的合成工具箱。
▲ Abstract：
Given the prevalence of nitrogen-containing heterocycles in bioactive molecules, inserting a nitrogen atom into a saturated ring offers a powerful yet underdeveloped scaffold-hopping strategy for expanding drug-like chemical space. In this study, we present a skeletal editing method that directly inserts a nitrogen atom into pyrrolidine rings, converting them into tetrahydropyridazine scaffolds under mild, operationally simple conditions with readily available O-diphenylphosphinyl hydroxylamine. This method features broad substrate scope and functional group compatibility, enabling late-stage editing of complex molecules. Furthermore, simple redox manipulation of the tetrahydropyridazines grants access to saturated piperidazines and aromatic pyridazines—nitrogen-rich scaffolds that are highly valued in medicinal chemistry but typically difficult to synthesize. Overall, this work establishes a versatile platform for nitrogen-based skeletal editing of saturated pyrrolidines, expanding the synthetic toolkit for medicinal chemistry.
Bridging the pyridine-pyridazine synthesis gap by skeletal editing
通過骨架編輯彌合吡啶-噠嗪合成差距
▲ 作者：MIKUS PURI??, HIKARU NAKAHARA AND MARK D. LEVIN
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx4762
▲摘要：
單個本構(gòu)環(huán)原子不同的雜環(huán)對在制備的逆合成切斷中表現(xiàn)出明顯的差異。吡啶和噠嗪就是這種合成差異的典型范例。
吡啶（一種六元C5N環(huán)）在藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)中嶄露頭角，其易于組裝的特性促進(jìn)了進(jìn)一步的合成發(fā)展。盡管有諸多優(yōu)異性質(zhì)，噠嗪（一種類C4N2環(huán)）合成仍相對滯后，這一差異歸因于電子不協(xié)調(diào)的雜原子排列使其通常很難制備。
在這項工作中，研究組實現(xiàn)了一種單原子骨架編輯策略，通過直接碳氮原子替換，從吡啶生成噠嗪：在鄰位上引入疊氮基團，實現(xiàn)N-氨基-2-疊氮吡啶鎓陽離子的光引發(fā)重排。這種轉(zhuǎn)化將兩個雜環(huán)連接起來，使豐富的吡啶逆合成策略用于制備噠嗪。
▲ Abstract：
Pairs of heterocycles differing by a single constitutive ring atom can exhibit stark differences in the retrosynthetic disconnections available for their preparation. Such a synthesis gap is exemplified by pyridine and pyridazine. Pyridine (a six-membered C5N ring) has risen to prominence in discovery chemistry, its ease of assembly spurring further synthetic development. Despite a host of favorable properties, pyridazine (an analogous C4N2 ring) has comparatively lagged behind—a discrepancy attributable to its often-challenging preparation, which arises from an electronically dissonant heteroatom arrangement. In this work, we achieve a single-atom skeletal edit that produces pyridazines from pyridines by direct carbon-to-nitrogen atom replacement: Azide introduction at the ortho position enables a photoinitiated rearrangement of N-amino-2-azidopyridinium cations. This transformation links the two heterocycles such that the richness of pyridine retrosynthesis becomes available to pyridazines.
地球科學(xué)Earth Science
Global earthquake detection and warning using Android phones
利用安卓手機進(jìn)行全球地震探測和預(yù)警
▲ 作者：RICHARD M. ALLEN, ALEXEI BARSKI, MICAH BERMAN, ROBERT BOSCH, YOUNGMIN CHO, XIA SUMMER JIANG, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads4779
▲摘要：
地震預(yù)警系統(tǒng)越來越多地被部署為減少地震損失的一種戰(zhàn)略，但是在許多地震易發(fā)國家并不存在其所需的區(qū)域性地震監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
研究組使用全球安卓智能手機網(wǎng)絡(luò)來開發(fā)地震探測能力、警報傳遞系統(tǒng)和用戶反饋框架。在3年的運行中，該系統(tǒng)在土耳其每月平均探測到312次地震，震級從1.9級到7.8級不等。98個國家發(fā)布了4.5級以上地震警報，相當(dāng)于每月約60次地震，發(fā)布1800萬條警報。
用戶反饋顯示，85%收到警報的人感覺到了震動，其中分別有36%、28%和23%的人在震動前、震動中和震動后收到了警報。研究組展示了如何大規(guī)模實施基于智能手機的地震檢測算法，并通過震后分析對其進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。
▲ Abstract：
Earthquake early-warning systems are increasingly being deployed as a strategy to reduce losses in earthquakes, but the regional seismic networks they require do not exist in many earthquake-prone countries. We use the global Android smartphone network to develop an earthquake detection capability, an alert delivery system, and a user feedback framework. Over 3 years of operation, the system detected an average of 312 earthquakes per month with magnitudes from M 1.9 to M 7.8 in Türkiye. Alerts were delivered in 98 countries for earthquakes with M ≥4.5, corresponding to ~60 events and 18 million alerts per month. User feedback shows that 85% of people receiving an alert felt shaking, and 36, 28, and 23% received the alert before, during, and after shaking, respectively. We show how smartphone-based earthquake detection algorithms can be implemented at scale and improved through postevent analysis.
醫(yī)學(xué)Medicine
Vaccination to mitigate climate-driven disruptions to malaria control in Madagascar
接種疫苗以緩解氣候?qū)︸R達(dá)加斯加瘧疾防控的干擾
▲ 作者：BENJAMIN L. RICE, ESTELLE RAOBSON, SYLVIANE MIHARISOA, MAHERY REBALIHA, JOSEPH LEWINSKI, HANITRINIAINA RAHARINIRINA, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5365
▲摘要：
極端天氣在瘧疾高負(fù)擔(dān)地區(qū)很常見，且由于氣候變化引發(fā)的惡劣天氣事件，極端天氣的嚴(yán)重程度可能會加劇。然而，關(guān)于這些事件后的瘧疾感染率以及對疾病控制規(guī)劃影響的數(shù)據(jù)仍然很少。
馬達(dá)加斯加發(fā)生大型熱帶氣旋后瘧疾感染的數(shù)據(jù)表明，在極端事件發(fā)生后干預(yù)措施中斷期間，感染可能會迅速反彈。相對于其他防控策略，最近可用的瘧疾疫苗具有更長的保護期，有望解決防治部署中斷的問題。
在評估氣候背景下疫苗接種的使用情況時，研究組量化了一系列疫苗接種情景下預(yù)期減少的癥狀性感染病例數(shù)。
▲ Abstract：
Extreme weather is common in high malaria burden areas and is likely to increase in severity owing to climate change–related severe weather events. Yet, data on infection rates after these events and the consequences for planning disease control programs remain rare. Data on malaria infection in the wake of major tropical cyclones in Madagascar show that infection is likely to rebound rapidly during the gaps in interventions that occur after extreme events. Relative to other control options, recently available malaria vaccines have a longer duration of protection, with the potential to address interruptions in prevention and treatment deployment. Evaluating the use of vaccination in a climate context, we quantified the reduction in symptomatic infections expected for a range of vaccination scenarios.
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