編譯 | 李言
Science, 24 Jul 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6758
《科學》2025年7月24日，第389卷，6758期
生物學Biology
A human homolog of SIR2 antiphage proteins mediates immunity via the Toll-like receptor pathway
SIR2抗噬菌體蛋白的人類同源物通過Toll樣受體通路介導免疫
▲ 作者：Delphine Bonhomme, Hugo Vaysset et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr8536
▲摘要：
哺乳動物免疫的關鍵元件起源于細菌抗噬菌體系統。目前尚不清楚細菌與真核生物之間免疫系統保守性的完整程度。在此，我們展示了存在于抗噬菌體系統中的沉默信息調節因子2（SIR2）蛋白，其在真核生物先天免疫中發揮重要作用。
我們發現人類SIRal蛋白含有SIRim結構域（SIR2亞型），該蛋白在動物Toll樣受體介導的先天免疫通路中起核心作用，并能抵御細菌和病毒感染。
含有SIRim結構域的蛋白質存在于19%的真核生物基因組中（包括斑馬魚），其中SIRal在炎癥反應中發揮作用。這項研究為探索真核SIRim蛋白的免疫功能及SIRal在人類病理學中的作用開辟了新途徑。
▲ Abstract：
Key actors of mammalian immunity originated from bacterial antiphage systems. The full extent of immune system conservation between bacteria and eukaryotes is unknown. Here, we show that the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) protein domain, present in antiphage systems, plays a role in eukaryotic innate immunity. We identified SIRal, a human protein with a SIRim domain (subtype of SIR2) that plays a pivotal role in the animal Toll-like receptor pathway of innate immunity and protects against bacterial and viral infections. Proteins containing a SIRim domain are found across 19% of eukaryotic genomes, including zebrafish, where SIRal plays a role in inflammation. This work opens up avenues of research on the immune role of eukaryotic SIRim proteins as well as on the involvement of SIRal in human pathology.
Expansion in situ genome sequencing links nuclear abnormalities to aberrant chromatin regulation
擴增原位基因組測序揭示核異常與異常的染色質調節的關聯
▲ 作者：Ajay S. Labade, Zachary D. Chiang et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2781
▲摘要：
在此，我們研發了“原位基因組擴增測序技術”（ExIGS），首次在單細胞層面實現了基因組DNA測序與核蛋白超精確定位的同步分析。通過ExIGS技術對早衰癥成纖維細胞的分析發現，纖層蛋白異常可能與染色質調控紊亂熱點相關，進而可能導致細胞特性丟失。
研究還揭示核纖層蛋白具有廣譜轉錄抑制功能，這表明核形態的差異或許會調控不同組織及衰老細胞的基因表達。這些成果證實ExIGS可作為一種通用研究平臺，通過建立核異常與基因調控的關聯，為探索疾病機制提供全新路徑。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we describe expansion in situ genome sequencing (ExIGS), a technology that enables sequencing of genomic DNA and super-resolution localization of nuclear proteins in single cells. Applying ExIGS to progeria-derived fibroblasts revealed that lamin abnormalities are linked to hotspots of aberrant chromatin regulation that may erode cell identity. Lamin was found to generally repress transcription, suggesting that variation in nuclear morphology may affect gene regulation across tissues and aged cells. These results demonstrate that ExIGS may serve as a generalizable platform with which to link nuclear abnormalities to gene regulation, offering insights into disease mechanisms.
地球科學Earth Science
Record-breaking 2023 marine heatwaves
2023年破紀錄的海洋熱浪事件
▲ 作者：Tianyun Dong, Zhenzhong Zeng et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr0910
▲摘要：
2023年全球海洋熱浪（MHWs）呈現異常激增，其持續時間、影響范圍和強度均創歷史新高。數據顯示，全年海洋熱浪活動累計達536億度每天每平方公里，較1982年以來的歷史基準值高出三個標準差以上。
其中，北大西洋熱浪事件的重現期達276年一遇，西南太平洋事件達141年一遇。基于ECCO2（海洋環流與氣候估算第二階段）高分辨率日數據，我們通過混合層熱收支分析揭示了區域特異性驅動機制：北大西洋和北太平洋主要受短波輻射增強及混合層變淺影響；西南太平洋由云量減少和平流增加主導；而熱帶東太平洋則主要受海洋平流作用驅動。
2023年極端海洋熱浪事件不僅凸顯了氣候變暖的加劇效應，也暴露出人類認知極端事件機制的重要挑戰。
▲ Abstract：
The year 2023 witnessed an extraordinary surge in marine heatwaves (MHWs) across Earth’s oceans, setting new records in duration, extent, and intensity, with MHW activity totaling 53.6 billion °C days square kilometer—more than three standard deviations above the historical norm since 1982. Notable events include the North Atlantic MHW (276-year return period) and the Southwest Pacific (141 years). Using ECCO2 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean-Phase II) high-resolution daily data, we conducted a mixed-layer heat budget analysis and identified region-specific drivers: enhanced shortwave flux and a shallower mixed layer in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, reduced cloud cover and increased advection in the Southwest Pacific, and oceanic advections in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The 2023 MHWs highlight the intensifying impacts of a warm climate and the challenges in understanding extreme events.
醫學Medicine
Pre-European contact leprosy in the Americas and its current persistence
歐洲殖民前美洲麻風病的存在及其當代延續
▲ 作者：Maria Lopopolo, Charlotte Avanzi et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu7144
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了麻風分枝桿菌在歐洲殖民前就已感染美洲人群。通過篩查389份古代樣本和408份現代樣本，我們顯著擴充了該菌種的遺傳數據庫。系統發育分析顯示，麻風分枝桿菌存在不同的感染人類分支，其中一支自殖民時期起就在北美占據主導地位。
在南北美洲發現的具有數千年歷史的菌株表明，該病原體可能在全新世晚期就已廣泛傳播，這證實了麻風病在歐洲人抵達前就已在美洲長期存在。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we show that M. lepromatosis infected humans in the Americas before European contact. By screening 389 ancient and 408 contemporary samples, we have expanded the genetic data available for the species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct human-infecting clades of M. lepromatosis, with one dominating North America since colonial times. The presence of millennia-old strains in North and South America indicates that M. lepromatosis may have been widespread during the Late Holocene, demonstrating that M. lepromatosis leprosy has a long-standing history in the Americas before European arrival.
生態學Ecology
Little-to-no industrial fishing occurs in fully and highly protected marine areas
完全保護和高度保護的海洋保護區內幾乎不存在工業捕撈活動
▲ 作者：Jennifer Raynor, Sara Orofino et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt9009
▲摘要：
人們普遍認為，由于偷捕獲利豐厚且監管執法成本高昂，海洋保護區（MPAs）內非法捕撈活動猖獗。然而，通過人工智能與衛星對地觀測技術的結合分析，我們對全球完全保護和高度保護海洋保護區（嚴禁工業捕撈）內的工業捕撈活動進行了量化評估。
我們發現，絕大多數保護區內幾乎不存在工業捕撈活動。衛星過境期間，這些保護區平均每2萬平方公里僅出現1艘漁船，其捕撈密度僅為專屬經濟區非保護水域的九分之一。
▲ Abstract：
There is a widespread perception that illegal fishing is common in marine protected areas (MPAs) due to strong incentives for poaching and the high cost of monitoring and enforcement. Using artificial intelligence and satellite-based Earth observations, we provide estimates of industrial fishing activity in fully and highly protected MPAs worldwide, in which such fishing is banned. We find little to no activity in most cases. On average, these MPAs had just one fishing vessel present per 20,000 square kilometers during the satellite overpass, a density nine times lower than that of the unprotected waters of exclusive economic zones.
Global patterns and drivers of untracked industrial fishing in coastal marine protected areas
海岸帶海洋保護區內發生的未被追蹤工業捕撈活動的全球分布格局與驅動機制
▲ 作者：Raphael Seguin, Frédéric Le Manach et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9468
▲摘要：
海洋保護區（MPAs）在全球范圍內規模持續擴大，但其范圍內的工業捕撈活動仍缺乏系統認知。通過整合船舶GPS定位數據與衛星影像分析，我們發現2022至2024年間全球47%的濱海保護區內存在工業捕撈，其中三分之二（67%）的作業船舶未被公共監測系統追蹤。這些未被追蹤的船只在管理最嚴格、禁止一切開采活動的保護區中占比最高（80%）。
分析表明，漁船出現頻率與密度主要取決于保護區面積和偏遠程度，而非管理等級本身。當納入未被追蹤的船只數據后，保護區內年均捕撈強度修正值提升28%，達到每平方公里每年4作業小時。該研究揭示了工業捕撈在保護區的持續存在，以及全球保護地漁業壓力評估中存在的重要認知缺口。
▲ Abstract：
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are expanding worldwide, but industrial fishing within their boundaries remains poorly understood. By combining vessel Global Positioning System data with satellite imagery, we detected industrial fishing in 47% of coastal MPAs worldwide between 2022 and 2024, with two-thirds of vessel detections (67%) untracked by public monitoring. These untracked vessels were most prevalent (80%) in MPAs with the most restrictive management category, which aims to prohibit all extractive activities. The presence and density of fishing vessels were mainly driven by the size and remoteness of MPAs rather than their management category itself. Including untracked vessels increased estimated fishing effort within MPAs by 28%, to an average of 4 hours per square kilometer per year. These results highlight the continued presence of industrial fishing vessels in MPAs and an important gap in our understanding of fishing pressure on protected areas worldwide.
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