編譯|未玖
Science, 15 MAY 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6748
《科學》2025年5月15日，第388卷，6748期
材料科學Materials Science
Imaging quantum melting in a disordered 2D Wigner solid
在二維維格納無序固體中成像量子熔化
▲ 作者：ZIYU XIANG, HONGYUAN LI, JIANGHAN XIAO, MIT H. NAIK, ZHEHAO GE, ZEHAO HE, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado7136
▲摘要：二維強相互作用電子在低密度時結晶為被稱作維格納晶體的固體相，在高密度時形成費米液體。在中等密度時，二維固體在臨界密度附近演變為強相關液相。
研究組使用非侵入性掃描隧道顯微鏡成像技術觀察了雙層二硒化鉬（MoSe2）中無序維格納固體的量子熔化。在低密度時，維格納固體形成由局部無序釘扎的納米晶疇。
隨著固相密度的增加，其表現出量子致密化行為。在閾值密度以上，維格納固體局部熔化，并進入固液區域共存的混合相。液體區域以更高的密度擴張并形成一個滲流網絡。
▲ Abstract：Two-dimensional strongly interacting electrons crystalize into a solid phase known as the Wigner crystal at low densities and form a Fermi liquid at high densities. At intermediate densities, the two-dimensional solid evolves into a strongly correlated liquid phase around a critical density. We observed this quantum melting of a disordered Wigner solid in bilayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) using a noninvasive scanning tunneling microscopy imaging technique. At low densities, the Wigner solid forms nanocrystalline domains pinned by local disorder. It exhibits a quantum densification behavior with increased densities in the solid phase. Above a threshold density, the Wigner solid melts locally and enters a mixed phase in which solid and liquid regions coexist. The liquid regions expand and form a percolation network at even higher densities.
物理學Physics
Anyon braiding and telegraph noise in a graphene interferometer
石墨烯干涉儀中的任意子編織和電報噪聲
▲ 作者：THOMAS WERKMEISTER, JAMES R. EHRETS, MARIE E. WESSON, DANIAL H. NAJAFABADI, KENJI WATANABE, TAKASHI TANIGUCHI, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5015
▲摘要：對任意子（即帶分數電荷和奇異交換統計的準粒子）的探索激發了數十年的凝聚態物質研究。量子霍爾干涉儀可通過環繞定域準粒子數量變化時的離散干涉相位跳變直接觀測任意子編織相。
研究組通過實時探測三態隨機電報噪聲（RTN），在填充因子1/3和4/3分數量子霍爾態中觀測到了這種編織相。
他們發現觀測到的RTN源于任意子準粒子數n的漲落，并重建了三個相位偏移2π/3的Aharonov-Bohm振蕩信號，對應于圍繞n（mod 3）個任意子編織的三個可能的干涉分支。該方法較易擴展到非阿貝爾任意子的干涉研究。
▲ Abstract：The search for anyons, quasiparticles with fractional charge and exotic exchange statistics, has inspired decades of condensed matter research. Quantum Hall interferometers enable direct observation of the anyon braiding phase through discrete interference phase jumps when the number of encircled localized quasiparticles changes. In this study, we observed this braiding phase in both the filling factor 1/3 and 4/3 fractional quantum Hall states by probing three-state random telegraph noise (RTN) in real time. We found that the observed RTN stems from anyon quasiparticle number n fluctuations, and we reconstructed three Aharonov-Bohm oscillation signals phase shifted by 2π/3, corresponding to the three possible interference branches from braiding around n (mod 3) anyons. Our methods can be readily extended to interference of non-abelian anyons.
化學Chemistry
Halide segregation to boost all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen batteries
鹵化物分離助力全固態鋰硫電池
▲ 作者：JIEUN LEE, SHIYUAN ZHOU, VICTORIA C. FERRARI, CHEN ZHAO, ANGELA SUN, SARAH NICHOLAS, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1882
▲摘要：混合電活性材料、固態電解質和導電碳材料來制造復合電極是全固態電池中最常用但最不為人知的工藝，在很大程度上決定了界面穩定性和電荷輸運。
研究組報道了在超高速混合過程中通過機械化學反應，在各種含鹵素固態電解質和一系列高能硫族陰極的界面上普遍存在的鹵化物偏析。
通過多模態同步X射線探針和冷凍透射電鏡對體相和界面的表征表明，原位分離的鹵化鋰界面層顯著提高了有效的離子輸運，抑制了體相硫族陰極的體積變化。各種全固態鋰硫電池在商業水平的面積容量下利用率接近100%，并表現出非凡的循環穩定性。
▲ Abstract：Mixing electroactive materials, solid-state electrolytes, and conductive carbon to fabricate composite electrodes is the most practiced but least understood process in all-solid-state batteries, which strongly dictates interfacial stability and charge transport. We report on universal halide segregation at interfaces across various halogen-containing solid-state electrolytes and a family of high-energy chalcogen cathodes enabled by mechanochemical reaction during ultrahigh-speed mixing. Bulk and interface characterizations by multimodal synchrotron x-ray probes and cryo–transmission electron microscopy show that the in situ segregated lithium halide interfacial layers substantially boost effective ion transport and suppress the volume change of bulk chalcogen cathodes. Various all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen cells demonstrate utilization close to 100% and extraordinary cycling stability at commercial-level areal capacities.
生態學Ecology
Sustainability insights from Late Pleistocene climate change and horse migration patterns
源于晚更新世氣候變化和馬種群遷徙模式的可持續性見解
▲ 作者：YVETTE RUNNING HORSE COLLIN (TAUNKE IYANKE WI), CLéMENT P. BATAILLE, SAMANTHA HERSHAUER, MILA HUNSKA TAUNKE ICU (CHIEF JOSEPH AMERICAN HORSE), AKIL NUJIPI (HAROLD LEFT HERON), WILSON JUSTIN, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2355
▲摘要：氣候影響著棲息地、食物供應以及所有生命的活動和可持續性。
研究組運用本土和西方的科學方法，包括基因組學和同位素分析，對來自白令陸橋的化石進行研究，以探索氣候變化對馬種群的影響。他們發現來自阿拉斯加和育空北部的晚更新世馬種群與來自歐亞大陸的馬種群有親緣關系，并在末次冰期多次穿越白令陸橋。
研究組還發現，美洲冰原南北兩地的馬種群譜系相差很大，這些譜系在基因上影響了穿過白令陸橋進入歐亞大陸的種群。隨著氣候變暖，馬種群進入連接白令陸橋和美洲中部大陸的無冰走廊，有限的流動性和食物供應阻礙了馬種群增長。
研究組結合了西方和本土框架，為在持續的氣候變化中保護野生動物提供了重要的指導。
▲ Abstract：Climate affects habitat, food availability, and the movement and sustainability of all life. In this work, we apply Indigenous and Western scientific methods, including genomics and isotope profiling, on fossils from across Beringia to explore the effect of climate change on horses. We find that Late Pleistocene horses from Alaska and northern Yukon are related to populations from Eurasia and crossed the Bering land bridge multiple times during the last glacial interval. We also find deeply divergent lineages north and south of the American ice sheets that genetically influenced populations across Beringia and into Eurasia. As climate warmed and horses entered the ice-free corridor connecting Beringia and midcontinental America, restricted mobility and food availability impeded population growth. Our combined Western and Indigenous framework offers critical guidance for wildlife conservation amid ongoing climate change.
Limited evidence for range shift–driven extinction in mountain biota
山地生物群因范圍遷移而滅絕的證據有限
▲ 作者：YI-HSIU CHEN, JONATHAN LENOIR AND I-CHING CHEN
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq9512
▲摘要：隨著物種為追蹤溫度向上坡遷移，山地生物多樣性迅速重組。普遍的物種再分布對山地生態系統構成了巨大的威脅，這種現象有時被描述為“走向滅絕的階梯”，主要表現為山頂物種滅絕、分布范圍遷移空隙（即適宜溫度的快速變化超過了窄分布物種的生存上限）和低地生物多樣性的降低，但經驗證據仍然很少。
研究組分析了440種動物和1629種植物的8800份歷史和現代海拔范圍的限制記錄，發現幾乎沒有證據支持所提出的威脅。觀察到的變化在很大程度上符合隨機預期，且考慮了幾何約束。
盡管山頂物種的延遲滅絕表明滅絕債務的累積，但窄分布物種和低地物種的同時擴張表明熱生態位的欠缺，這些過程共同推動了生物復雜的山地生態系統的生物同質化進程。
▲ Abstract：Mountain biodiversity reorganizes rapidly as species shift upslope to track temperatures. Pervasive species redistribution poses substantial threats to mountain ecosystems, a phenomenon sometimes described as an “escalator to extinction,” primarily through mountaintop extinctions, range shift gaps (i.e., rapid shifts of suitable temperatures getting ahead of narrow-range species’ upper limits), and lowland biodiversity attrition, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. In this study, our analysis of 8800 records of historical and modern elevational range limits for 440 animal and 1629 plant species revealed little evidence supporting the proposed threats. Observed changes largely fell within random expectations, accounting for geometric constraints. Although delayed mountaintop extinctions point to accumulating extinction debt, concurrent range expansions of both narrow-range and lowland species suggest thermal niche underfilling, processes that collectively drive biotic homogenization across biologically complex mountain ecosystems.
公共衛生Public Health
Diverse bat organoids provide pathophysiological models for zoonotic viruses
多種蝙蝠類器官為人畜共患病毒提供了病理生理模型
▲ 作者：HYUNJOON KIM, SEO-YOUNG HEO, YOUNG-IL KIM, DONGBIN PARK, MONFORD PAUL ABISHEK N, SUHEE HWANG, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1438
▲摘要：蝙蝠是人畜共患病原體的重要宿主，但用于全面探索宿主—病原體相互作用和評估溢出風險的合適模型系統仍然有限。
為了解決這一差距，研究組開發了一系列蝙蝠類器官模型，跨越5個物種和4種器官類型。這種多物種、多器官類器官系統顯示了幾種病毒的物種和組織特異性復制模式，為研究呼吸道、腎臟和腸道人畜共患病毒提供了強有力的病理生理模型。
利用該平臺，研究組成功分離并鑒定了蝙蝠傳播的哺乳動物正呼腸孤病毒和副粘病毒，證明了這些類器官系統在病毒監測中的實用性。此外，研究組還成功測試了已知的抗病毒藥物對蝙蝠病毒分離株的療效。
▲ Abstract：Bats are important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, but suitable model systems for comprehensively exploring host-pathogen interactions and assessing spillover risks remain limited. To address this gap, we developed a collection of bat organoid models spanning five species and four organ types. This multispecies, multiorgan organoid panel showed species- and tissue-specific replication patterns for several viruses, offering robust pathophysiological models for studying respiratory, renal, and enteric zoonotic viruses. Using this platform, we successfully isolated and characterized bat-borne mammalian orthoreoviruses and paramyxoviruses, demonstrating the utility of these organoid panels for virome surveillance. Furthermore, we successfully tested known antiviral drugs for their efficacy against bat virus isolates.
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