編譯|李言
Nature, 26 June 2025, Volume 642 Issue 8069
《自然》2025年6月26日，第642卷，8069期
物理學(xué)Physics
Attosecond inner-shell lasing at ångström wavelengths
阿秒級(jí)Å波長(zhǎng)內(nèi)殼層激光
▲ 作者：Thomas M. Linker, Aliaksei Halavanau et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09105-9
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了在銅和錳的Kα1激光過(guò)程中（波長(zhǎng)1.5—2.1Å，強(qiáng)度>1019 W/cm2的X射線(xiàn)自由電子激光驅(qū)動(dòng)下），可以產(chǎn)生與光學(xué)波段類(lèi)似的強(qiáng)激光效應(yīng)。根據(jù)XFEL泵浦脈沖的亞結(jié)構(gòu)特征，所產(chǎn)生的X射線(xiàn)脈沖（約106—108光子）會(huì)呈現(xiàn)顯著的空間非均勻性、光譜分裂及展寬現(xiàn)象。
三維Maxwell-Bloch理論計(jì)算表明：觀測(cè)到的空間非均勻性源于X射線(xiàn)絲化效應(yīng)，而寬譜特征則由亞飛秒拉比振蕩驅(qū)動(dòng)。模擬結(jié)果顯示這些X射線(xiàn)脈沖的持續(xù)時(shí)間可短于100阿秒，其相干特性為量子X(jué)射線(xiàn)光學(xué)應(yīng)用提供了新機(jī)遇。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that strong lasing effects similar to those in the optical regime can occur at 1.5–2.1Å wavelengths during high-intensity (>1019Wcm2) XFEL-driven Kα1 lasing of copper and manganese. Depending on the temporal XFEL pump pulse substructure, the resulting X-ray pulses (about 106-108 photons) can exhibit strong spatial inhomogeneities and spectral splitting, inhomogeneities and broadening. Three-dimensional Maxwell–Bloch calculations show that the observed spatial inhomogeneities result from X-ray filamentation and that the broad spectral features are driven by sub-femtosecond Rabi cycling. Our simulations indicate that these X-ray pulses can have pulse lengths of less than 100 attoseconds and coherence properties that provide opportunities for quantum X-ray optics applications.
Traceable random numbers from a non-local quantum advantage
非局部量子優(yōu)勢(shì)的可追溯隨機(jī)數(shù)
▲ 作者：Gautam A. Kavuri, Jasper Palfree et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09054-3
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了一種基于設(shè)備無(wú)關(guān)技術(shù)的全程可追溯的隨機(jī)數(shù)生成協(xié)議。該協(xié)議從不可預(yù)測(cè)的非局域量子關(guān)聯(lián)中提取隨機(jī)性，并采用分布式交織哈希鏈對(duì)提取過(guò)程進(jìn)行加密追蹤與驗(yàn)證。基于此協(xié)議，我們構(gòu)建并運(yùn)行了首個(gè)公開(kāi)可溯源、可認(rèn)證的量子隨機(jī)信標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。
在最初的40天運(yùn)行中，該協(xié)議在7454次嘗試中成功完成7434次，成功率高達(dá)99.7%。每次協(xié)議成功執(zhí)行時(shí)，信標(biāo)系統(tǒng)會(huì)輸出512位可溯源隨機(jī)數(shù)脈沖。
經(jīng)數(shù)學(xué)證明，這些隨機(jī)比特的均勻性誤差與實(shí)際成功概率的乘積嚴(yán)格小于2-64。這種可認(rèn)證、可溯源的隨機(jī)數(shù)生成服務(wù)，通過(guò)量子糾纏優(yōu)勢(shì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)典方法無(wú)法比擬的公共服務(wù)功能。
▲ Abstract：
Here we demonstrate a fully traceable random number generation protocol based on device-independent techniques. Our protocol extracts randomness from unpredictable non-local quantum correlations, and uses distributed intertwined hash chains to cryptographically trace and verify the extraction process. This protocol forms the basis for a public traceable and certifiable quantum randomness beacon that we have launched. Over the first 40 days of operation, we completed the protocol 7,434 out of 7,454 attempts—a success rate of 99.7%. Each time the protocol succeeded, the beacon emitted a pulse of 512 bits of traceable randomness. The bits are certified to be uniform with error multiplied by actual success probability bounded by 2-64. The generation of certifiable and traceable randomness represents a public service that operates with an entanglement-derived advantage over comparable classical approaches.
材料科學(xué)Material Sciences
Brain implantation of soft bioelectronics via embryonic development
通過(guò)胚胎發(fā)育在大腦中植入軟性生物電子器件
▲ 作者：Hao Sheng, Ren Liu et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09106-8
▲摘要：
在此，我們介紹一種超柔性、亞微米厚度的網(wǎng)狀微電極陣列，該陣列通過(guò)利用胚胎神經(jīng)板的天然二維到三維重構(gòu)特性實(shí)現(xiàn)整合。隨著器官自然發(fā)育，網(wǎng)狀電極發(fā)生變形、拉伸并分布至整個(gè)大腦，與神經(jīng)組織無(wú)縫整合。免疫染色、基因表達(dá)分析和行為測(cè)試證實(shí)其對(duì)大腦發(fā)育或功能無(wú)不良影響。
這種嵌入式電極陣列能夠長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定地繪制大腦發(fā)育過(guò)程中單神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)和群體動(dòng)態(tài)的出現(xiàn)與演變。在蠑螈模型中，它不僅能記錄再生過(guò)程中的神經(jīng)電活動(dòng)，還能通過(guò)電刺激調(diào)控這一過(guò)程。
▲ Abstract：
Here we introduce a tissue-level-soft, submicrometre-thick mesh microelectrode array that integrates into the embryonic neural plate by leveraging the tissue’s natural two-dimensional-to-three-dimensional reconfiguration. As organogenesis progresses, the mesh deforms, stretches and distributes throughout the brain, seamlessly integrating with neural tissue. Immunostaining, gene expression analysis and behavioural testing confirm no adverse effects on brain development or function. This embedded electrode array enables long-term, stable mapping of how single-neuron activity and population dynamics emerge and evolve during brain development. In axolotl models, it not only records neural electrical activity during regeneration but also modulates the process through electrical stimulation.
生物學(xué)Biology
Chromosome end protection by RAP1-mediated inhibition of DNA-PK
RAP1介導(dǎo)的DNA-PK抑制實(shí)現(xiàn)染色體末端保護(hù)
▲ 作者：Patrik Eickhoff, Ceylan Sonmez et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08896-1x
▲摘要：
在此，我們揭示了庇護(hù)蛋白成分TRF2和RAP1組分能與DNA-PK形成復(fù)合物，直接抑制其在端粒處的末端連接功能。生物化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)和冷凍電鏡分析表明，當(dāng)RAP1與TRF2結(jié)合時(shí)，會(huì)與KU蛋白和DNA建立相互作用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，從而阻止DNA-PK招募LIG4連接酶。
在小鼠和人類(lèi)細(xì)胞中，RAP1與Apollo核酸酶在抑制染色體末端cNHEJ（經(jīng)典非同源末端連接）通路中具有冗余性，這表明DNA-PK的抑制與懸垂依賴(lài)機(jī)制共同防止端粒融合。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)DNA-PK的末端連接功能在端粒處受到直接特異性抑制，從而闡明了哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞維持單個(gè)線(xiàn)性染色體穩(wěn)定的分子機(jī)制。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that the shelterin components TRF2 and RAP1 form a complex with DNA-PK that directly represses its end-joining function at telomeres. Biochemical experiments and cryo-electron microscopy reveal that when bound to TRF2, RAP1 establishes a network of interactions with KU and DNA that prevents DNA-PK from recruiting LIG4. In mouse and human cells, RAP1 is redundant with the Apollo nuclease in repressing cNHEJ at chromosome ends, demonstrating that the inhibition of DNA-PK prevents telomere fusions in parallel with overhang-dependent mechanisms. Our experiments show that the end-joining function of DNA-PK is directly and specifically repressed at telomeres, establishing a molecular mechanism for how individual linear chromosomes are maintained in mammalian cells.
動(dòng)物學(xué)Zoology
Two distinct host-specialized fungal species cause white-nose disease in bats
兩種宿主特異性真菌導(dǎo)致蝙蝠的白鼻綜合征
▲ 作者：Nicola M. Fischer, Imogen Dumville et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09060-52
▲摘要：
在此，我們利用來(lái)自27個(gè)國(guó)家的5479份真菌分離株組成的參考樣本庫(kù)，揭示了白鼻綜合征的病原體并非單一物種，而是兩個(gè)同域分布的隱存種，且均表現(xiàn)出宿主特異性。我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)每個(gè)物種內(nèi)部存在基因重組現(xiàn)象，但兩者基因組間存在顯著遺傳分化（包括基因組結(jié)構(gòu)差異）。這兩個(gè)物種均包含地理分化的種群，這使我們能夠鑒定出傳入北美的物種，并將其源種群追溯到烏克蘭的某個(gè)區(qū)域。
鑒于我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了白鼻綜合征病原體存在兩個(gè)隱存種，我們的研究強(qiáng)調(diào)需要將病原體變異性研究整合到全面的疾病監(jiān)測(cè)、管理和預(yù)防策略中。這種整體方法對(duì)于增進(jìn)我們對(duì)疾病的理解和實(shí)施有效的防控措施至關(guān)重要。
▲ Abstract：
Here we leverage an extensive reference collection of 5,479 fungal isolates from 27 countries to reveal that the widespread causative agent is not a single species but two sympatric cryptic species, each exhibiting host specialization. Our findings provide evidence of recombination in each species, but significant genetic differentiation across their genomes, including differences in genome organization. Both species contain geographically differentiated populations, which enabled us to identify the species introduced to North America and trace its source population to a region in Ukraine. In light of our discovery of the existence of two cryptic species of the causative agent of white-nose disease, our research underscores the need to integrate the study of pathogen variability into comprehensive disease surveillance, management and prevention strategies. This holistic approach is crucial for enhancing our understanding of diseases and implementing effective measures to prevent their spread.
Herring spawned poleward following fishery-induced collective memory loss
漁業(yè)引發(fā)鯡魚(yú)的集體記憶喪失，并向極地繁殖
▲ 作者：Aril Slotte, Are Salthaug et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08983-3
▲摘要：
世界上最大的鯡魚(yú)種群通常會(huì)從挪威北部海域的越冬區(qū)向南遷徙1300公里，在西部海岸產(chǎn)卵。這種保守策略被認(rèn)為是高能耗游泳成本與在更佳生長(zhǎng)條件下提高幼體存活率之間的權(quán)衡。在此，漁業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)、科學(xué)調(diào)查和標(biāo)記實(shí)驗(yàn)的廣泛分析表明，鯡魚(yú)的主要產(chǎn)卵區(qū)突然向極地移動(dòng)了約800公里。
這種新的洄游模式是由一個(gè)大型新生群體建立的，當(dāng)時(shí)受漁業(yè)影響導(dǎo)致高齡魚(yú)類(lèi)數(shù)量嚴(yán)重不足。文化傳承所需的記憶閾值可能未能達(dá)到——這種情況因高齡魚(yú)和新生代之間受洄游限制和氣候變化驅(qū)動(dòng)的時(shí)空重疊減少而進(jìn)一步惡化。最后，少數(shù)幸存下來(lái)的高齡個(gè)體反而從新生代那里繼承了洄游文化，而非歷史上相反的方式。
這可能會(huì)對(duì)漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)和沿海生態(tài)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響，給群集洄游魚(yú)類(lèi)的管理帶來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)。
▲ Abstract：
The world’s largest herring (Clupea harengus) population has traditionally migrated up to 1,300 km southward from wintering areas in northern Norwegian waters to spawn at the west coast. This conservative strategy is proposed to be a trade-off between high energetic swimming costs and enhanced larval survival under improved growth conditions. Here an analysis of extensive data from fisheries, scientific surveys and tagging experiments demonstrates an abrupt approximately 800-km poleward shift in main spawning. The new migration was established by a large cohort recruiting when the abundance of older fish was critically low due to age-selective fisheries. The threshold of memory required for cultural transfer was probably not met—a situation that was further exacerbated by reduced spatiotemporal overlap between older fish and recruits driven by migration constraints and climate change. Finally, a minority of survivors from older generations adopted the migration culture from the recruits instead of the historically opposite. This may have profound consequences for production and coastal ecology, challenging the management of migratory schooling fish.
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