編譯|馮維維
Nature, 10 July 2025, Volume 643 Issue 8071
《自然》2025年7月10日,643卷，8071期
行星科學Planetary Science
Ultra-depleted mantle source of basalts from the South Pole–Aitken basin南極-艾特肯盆地玄武巖的超虧損地幔源區
▲ 作者：Qin Zhou, Wei Yang, Zhuyin Chu, Honggang Zhu, Saihong Yang, Xingguo Zeng, Ding-Shuai Xue, Li-Hui Jia, Guangliang Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Yanhao Lin, Huijuan Zhang, Heng-Ci Tian, Peng Peng, Dan-Ping Zhang, Lixin Gu, Chunlai Li & Fu-Yuan Wu
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09131-7
▲摘要：
月海玄武巖為揭示月球地幔性質、月球成分不對稱性及早期月球巖漿洋（LMO）演化提供了關鍵線索。然而，月球背面巨大的南極—艾特肯（SPA）盆地下方地幔的特征仍屬未解之謎。本文報道了嫦娥六號任務首批SPA盆地月球背面樣品——玄武巖碎片的巖石學與地球化學特征。這些年齡為28億年的CE6玄武巖，其主量元素組成與最演化的阿波羅12號鈦鐵礦玄武巖相似，但表現出極端的Sr-Nd虧損特征。
這些特征指示其源自超虧損地幔，該地?？赡苡蒐MO結晶分異形成，或后期熔體抽取導致進一步虧損。前者意味著月球正面與背面可能具有同位素特征相似的虧損地幔端元；后者則可能與SPA撞擊事件相關，表明吸積期后的巨型撞擊可能觸發下伏地幔的大規模熔體抽取。無論源自LMO階段還是后期熔體抽取，SPA盆地下方的超虧損地幔都為研究月球早期殼幔分異提供了深部觀測窗口。
▲ Abstract：
Lunar mare basalts illuminate the nature of the Moon’s mantle, the lunar compositional asymmetry and the early lunar magma ocean (LMO). However, the characteristics of the mantle beneath the vast South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin on the lunar farside remain a mystery. Here we present the petrology and geochemistry of basalt fragments from Chang’e-6 (CE6), the first returned lunar farside samples from the SPA basin. These 2.8-billion-year-old CE6 basalts share similar major element compositions with the most evolved Apollo 12 ilmenite basalts. They exhibit extreme Sr–Nd depletion, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.699237 to 0.699329 and εNd(t) values (a measure of the neodymium isotopic composition) of 15.80 to 16.13. These characteristics indicate an ultra-depleted mantle, resulting from LMO crystallization and/or later depletion by melt extraction. The former scenario implies that the nearside and farside may possess an isotopically analogous depleted mantle endmember. The latter is probably related to the SPA impact, indicating that post-accretion massive impacts could have potentially triggered large-scale melt extraction of the underlying mantle. Either way, originating during the LMO or later melt extraction, the ultra-depleted mantle beneath the SPA basin offers a deep observational window into early lunar crust–mantle differentiation.
物理學Physics
Spin-qubit control with a milli-kelvin CMOS chip
基于毫開爾文CMOS芯片的自旋量子比特控制
▲ 作者：Samuel K. Bartee, Will Gilbert, Kun Zuo, Kushal Das, Tuomo Tanttu, Chih Hwan Yang, Nard Dumoulin Stuyck, Sebastian J. Pauka, Rocky Y. Su, Wee Han Lim, Santiago Serrano, Christopher C. Escott, Fay E. Hudson, Kohei M. Itoh, Arne Laucht, Andrew S. Dzurak & David J. Reilly
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09157-x
▲摘要：
自旋量子比特的關鍵優勢在于其亞微米級尺寸，使得單個硅芯片可集成數百萬個量子比特，從而實現具有糾錯功能的實用量子算法。然而，每個物理量子比特需要多條控制線路，連接量子器件與外部控制讀出設備的線路密度成為規模化發展的根本障礙。
一種可行方案是將控制系統以異質集成方式部署在量子比特平臺附近的毫開爾文溫區，通過微型互連線路連接。即便如此，緊密集成控制帶來的熱量和串擾可能影響量子比特性能，特別是對電噪聲敏感、基于交換耦合的雙量子比特糾纏門。
研究者對由異質集成的低溫互補金屬氧化物半導體（cryo-CMOS）電路控制的硅MOS型電子自旋量子比特進行基準測試，該電路功率密度足夠低以實現規?；?。實驗證明cryo-CMOS能高效執行自旋量子比特的通用邏輯操作，且毫開爾文溫區控制對單/雙量子比特門性能影響甚微?？紤]到亞開爾文溫區CMOS平臺（集成約10萬個晶體管）的復雜性，該結果為基于“小芯片式”控制架構、將自旋量子比特與控制系統緊密集成的可擴展控制方案開辟了前景。
▲ Abstract：
A key virtue of spin qubits is their sub-micron footprint, enabling a single silicon chip to host the millions of qubits required to execute useful quantum algorithms with error correction. However, with each physical qubit needing multiple control lines, a fundamental barrier to scale is the extreme density of connections that bridge quantum devices to their external control and readout hardware. A promising solution is to co-locate the control system proximal to the qubit platform at milli-kelvin temperatures, wired up by miniaturized interconnects. Even so, heat and crosstalk from closely integrated control have the potential to degrade qubit performance, particularly for two-qubit entangling gates based on exchange coupling that are sensitive to electrical noise. Here we benchmark silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS)-style electron spin qubits controlled by heterogeneously integrated cryo-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (cryo-CMOS) circuits with a power density sufficiently low to enable scale-up. Demonstrating that cryo-CMOS can efficiently perform universal logic operations for spin qubits, we go on to show that milli-kelvin control has little impact on the performance of single- and two-qubit gates. Given the complexity of our sub-kelvin CMOS platform, with about 100,000 transistors, these results open the prospect of scalable control based on the tight packaging of spin qubits with a ‘chiplet-style’ control architecture.
器件與CMOS基礎操作。圖片來自：Nature
Bioinspired capillary force-driven super-adhesive filter
仿生毛細力驅動型超粘附過濾器
▲ 作者：Junyong Park, Chan Sik Moon, Ji Min Lee, Sazzadul A. Rahat, Sang Moon Kim, Jonathan T. Pham, Michael Kappl, Hans-Jürgen Butt & Sanghyuk Wooh
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09156-y
▲摘要：
傳統空氣過濾器在捕獲具有低納米牛頓級粘附力的顆粒方面仍面臨持續挑戰。受黏液覆蓋的鼻毛所具有的天然過濾能力啟發，我們開發了一種利用薄液層的高效仿生過濾器。
本研究證明，在多種過濾介質表面形成的穩定薄液層能產生微牛頓至亞微牛頓量級的毛細作用力，從而顯著增強顆粒粘附。這種強化粘附作用在保持空氣滲透性的同時提升了空氣中顆粒物的過濾效率，既可延長過濾器使用壽命，又能實現節能效果。
此外，被捕獲顆粒的強粘附性使過濾器在高速氣流下仍能保持有效過濾，并抑制顆粒的二次擴散。研究者預期這種薄液層過濾器將為顆粒物過濾系統的創新提供新思路。
▲ Abstract：
Capturing particles with low, nanonewton-scale adhesion is an ongoing challenge for conventional air filters. Inspired by the natural filtration abilities of mucus-coated nasal hairs, we introduce an efficient, biomimetic filter that exploits a thin liquid coating. Here we show that a stable thin liquid layer is formed on several filter media that generates enhanced particulate adhesion, driven by micronewton to sub-micronewton capillary forces. Enhanced particle adhesion increases the filtration of airborne particulates while maintaining air permeability, providing longer filter lifetime and increased energy savings. Moreover, strong adhesion of the captured particles enables effective filtration under high-speed airflow as well as suppression of particle redispersion. We anticipate that these filters with thin liquid layers afford a new way to innovate particulate matter filtering systems.
化學Chemistry
In-line NMR guided orthogonal transformation of real-life plastics
在線核磁共振引導的實際塑料的正交轉化
▲ 作者：Mei-Qi Zhang, Yida Zhou, Ruochen Cao, Shuheng Tian, Yuchen Jiao, Zhenbo Guo, Maolin Wang, Hongpeng Peng, Bo Sun, Bingjun Xu, Meng Wang, Shutao Xu & Ding Ma
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09088-7
▲摘要：
全球塑料廢棄物累積危機正威脅野生動物和生態系統。將塑料廢物轉化為高值化學品和燃料的催化工藝提供了有前景的解決方案。然而，由于真實生活塑料混合物成分與結構的多樣性，其回收或升級回收面臨巨大挑戰。
研究者提出一種產物導向策略，利用塑料混合物中不同官能團反應活性的正交性來制備高值產物。該策略通過識別官能團，進而選擇性轉化混合物中的特定組分。他們采用聚苯乙烯、聚乳酸、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氯乙烯、聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯的混合物及真實生活塑料，驗證了該策略的可行性與有效性。這些組分在物理化學性質上的差異性通常阻礙直接回收，卻為本文提出的定向提取轉化策略提供了契機。
以20克真實生活塑料混合物——含聚苯乙烯泡沫、聚乳酸吸管、聚氨酯導管、聚碳酸酯面罩、聚氯乙烯塑料袋、聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯瓶、聚乙烯滴管和聚丙烯瓶——為原料，他們獲得了8種以上分離產物：1.3克苯甲酸、0.5克增塑劑、0.7克丙氨酸、0.7克乳酸、1.4克芳香胺鹽、2.1克雙酚A、2.0克對苯二甲酸及3.5克C3–C6烷烴。
研究揭示了基于塑料化學本質設計復雜廢塑料轉化策略的潛力，為混合廢塑料的終端管理開辟了新路徑。
▲ Abstract：
The global crisis of plastic waste accumulation threatens wildlife and ecosystems1. Catalytic processes that convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals and fuels offer promising solutions2. Recycling or upcycling of real-life plastic mixtures is challenging owing to their diverse composition and structure3. Here we propose a product-oriented strategy leveraging the orthogonality in reactivities of different functional groups in plastic mixtures to yield valuable products. This approach involves identifying functional groups followed by converting a selective component in the mixture to valuable products. We use mixtures of polystyrene, polylactic acid, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene and polypropylene, as well as real-life plastics, to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The diverse physical and chemical properties of these components, which typically hinder direct recovery, offer opportunities for extraction and transformation with the proposed strategy. From a 20-g mixture of real-life plastics, including polystyrene foam, a polylactic acid straw, a polyurethane tube, a polycarbonate mask, a polyvinyl chloride bag, a polyethylene terephthalate bottle, a polyethylene dropper and a polypropylene bottle, we obtained more than 8 separate chemicals: 1.3 g of benzoic acid, 0.5 g of plasticizer, 0.7 g of alanine, 0.7 g of lactic acid, 1.4 g of aromatic amine salt, 2.1 g of bisphenol A, 2.0 g of terephthalic acid and 3.5 g of C3–C6 alkanes. This study reveals the potential for designing transformation strategies for complex plastic waste based on their chemical nature and opens paths for managing end-of-life plastic mixtures.
生態學Ecology
Nanoplastic concentrations across the North Atlantic
北大西洋納米塑料濃度分布
▲ 作者：Sophie ten Hietbrink, Du?an Materi?, Rupert Holzinger, Sjoerd Groeskamp & Helge Niemann
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09218-1
▲摘要：
海洋塑料污染普遍存在，目前研究主要集中于宏觀塑料與微塑料。相比之下，海洋納米塑料（小于1微米）的量化研究嚴重不足，導致對這一尺寸級別塑料的質量預算認知存在空白。本研究通過橫跨北大西洋（從副熱帶環流到歐洲北部陸架）的斷面觀測，首次實現了大洋尺度的納米塑料濃度測量。
結果顯示，整個水柱中聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚氯乙烯（PVC）納米塑料濃度約為1.5–32.0毫克/立方米?；旌蠈蛹{米塑料平均濃度較中層水體高1.4倍，其中歐洲大陸鄰近海域混合層濃度最高。副熱帶環流區中層水體納米塑料濃度是環流外開闊北大西洋的1.8倍。底層水體納米塑料濃度最低（平均約5.5毫克/立方米），且以PET為主。
據估算，溫帶至副熱帶北大西洋混合層納米塑料質量可能高達2700萬噸，與既往研究估算的整個大西洋或全球海洋的宏觀/微塑料總量相當甚至更高。本研究表明，納米塑料可能構成海洋塑料污染的主要組分。
▲ Abstract：
Plastic pollution of the marine realm is widespread, with most scientific attention given to macroplastics and microplastics. By contrast, ocean nanoplastics (<1 μm) remain largely unquantified, leaving gaps in our understanding of the mass budget of this plastic size class. Here we measure nanoplastic concentrations on an ocean-basin scale along a transect crossing the North Atlantic from the subtropical gyre to the northern European shelf. We find approximately 1.5–32.0 mg m-3 of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanoplastics throughout the entire water column. On average, we observe a 1.4-fold higher concentration of nanoplastics in the mixed layer when compared with intermediate water depth, with highest mixed-layer nanoplastic concentrations near the European continent. Nanoplastic concentrations at intermediate water depth are 1.8-fold higher in the subtropical gyre compared with the open North Atlantic outside the gyre. The lowest nanoplastic concentrations, with about 5.5 mg m-3 on average and predominantly composed of PET, are present in bottom waters. For the mixed layer of the temperate to subtropical North Atlantic, we estimate that the mass of nanoplastic may amount to 27 million tonnes (Mt). This is in the same range or exceeding previous budget estimates of macroplastics/microplastics for the entire Atlantic or the global ocean. Our findings suggest that nanoplastics comprise the dominant fraction of marine plastic pollution.
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