編譯|李言
Nature, Volume 644 Issue 8075, 7 August 2025
《自然》第644卷，8075期，2025年8月7日
物理學Physics
Coherent spectroscopy with a single antiproton spin
單個反質(zhì)子自旋的相干光譜學
▲ 作者：B. M. Latacz, S. R. Erlewein et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09323-1
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了在分析阱（AT）中通過量子投影測量成功推導并解析了相干動力學過程。我們首次觀測到反質(zhì)子自旋的拉比振蕩，并在約50秒的自旋相干時間內(nèi)，通過時間序列測量實現(xiàn)了大于80%的自旋反轉(zhuǎn)概率。
單粒子自旋共振掃描顯示，在躍遷線寬比先前測量窄16倍的條件下（受回旋頻率測量退相干限制），仍可獲得超過70%的反轉(zhuǎn)效率。這一成果標志著利用質(zhì)子與反質(zhì)子磁矩進行物質(zhì)/反物質(zhì)對稱性檢驗的精度將至少提高10倍。
▲ Abstract：
Here we induce the coherent dynamics and analyse the result by quantum-projection measurements in the analysis trap (AT). We observe, for the first time, Rabi oscillations of an antiproton spin and achieve in time-series measurements spin-inversion probabilities greater than 80% at spin coherence times of about 50 s. Scans of single-particle spin resonances show inversions greater than 70%, at transition linewidths 16 times narrower than in previous measurements8, limited by cyclotron frequency measurement decoherence. This achievement marks a notable step towards at least tenfold improved tests of matter/antimatter symmetry using proton and antiproton magnetic moments.
Magnon spectroscopy in the electron microscope
電子顯微鏡中的磁振子光譜學
▲ 作者：Demie Kepaptsoglou, José ángel Castellanos-Reyes et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09318-y
▲摘要：
在此，我們利用掃描透射電子顯微鏡（STEM）實現(xiàn)了納米尺度體相太赫茲磁振子的探測。通過采用配備混合像素電子探測器的高分辨電子能量損失譜技術，我們克服了使用微弱信號成功繪制出NiO納米薄片中太赫茲磁振子激發(fā)空間分布的挑戰(zhàn)。
先進的非彈性電子散射模擬驗證了實驗結果。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為磁振子探測及其色散關系研究開辟了新途徑，同時為探索納米尺度結構缺陷或化學缺陷對磁振子的調(diào)控作用提供了可能。這標志著磁振學的一個重要里程碑，并為自旋電子器件的發(fā)展帶來新機遇。
▲ Abstract：
Here we detect bulk THz magnons at the nanoscale using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). By using high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy with hybrid-pixel electron detectors, we overcome the challenges posed by weak signals to map THz magnon excitations in a thin NiO nanocrystal. Advanced inelastic electron scattering simulations corroborate our findings. These results open new avenues for detecting magnons and exploring their dispersions and their modifications arising from nanoscale structural or chemical defects. This marks a milestone in magnonics and presents exciting opportunities for the development of spintronic devices.
醫(yī)學Medicine
The mutagenic forces shaping the genomes of lung cancer in never smokers
非吸煙者肺癌基因組的致突變因素
▲ 作者：Marcos Díaz-Gay, Tongwu Zhang et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09219-0
▲摘要：
在此，我們利用Sherlock-Lung研究的數(shù)據(jù)，通過分析來自28個地理區(qū)域的871例未接受治療的非吸煙肺癌（LCINS）患者的癌癥基因組，評估了致突變暴露因素。KRAS突變在北美和歐洲非吸煙肺腺癌患者中的發(fā)生率是東亞患者的3.8倍，而東亞非吸煙肺腺癌患者中EGFR和TP53突變更為常見。未知誘因的SBS40a特征在肺腺癌單堿基替換中占比最高，且在EGFR突變病例中富集。
與馬兜鈴酸暴露相關的SBS22a特征幾乎僅見于中國臺灣的患者。二手煙暴露與特定驅(qū)動突變或突變特征無顯著關聯(lián)。空氣污染高發(fā)區(qū)患者更易出現(xiàn)TP53突變和端粒縮短。他們還展示出總體突變增加，包括此前和吸煙相關聯(lián)的SBS4增加3.9倍，SBS5增加76%。
我們還觀察到和空氣污染水平相關的積極劑量—反應關系，包括主要歸因于SBS4和SBS5特征突變的端粒長度縮短以及體細胞突變增加。我們的研究結果闡明了塑造非吸煙者肺癌基因組景觀的多樣化突變過程。
▲ Abstract：
Here we use data from the Sherlock-Lung study to evaluate mutagenic exposures in Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) by examining the cancer genomes of 871 treatment-naive individuals with lung cancer who had never smoked, from 28 geographical locations. KRAS mutations were 3.8 times more common in adenocarcinomas of never smokers from North America and Europe than in those from East Asia, whereas a higher prevalence of EGFR and TP53 mutations was observed in adenocarcinomas of never smokers from East Asia. Signature SBS40a, with unknown cause, contributed the largest proportion of single base substitutions in adenocarcinomas, and was enriched in cases with EGFR mutations. Signature SBS22a, which is associated with exposure to aristolochic acid, was observed almost exclusively in patients from Taiwan. Exposure to secondhand smoke was not associated with individual driver mutations or mutational signatures. By contrast, patients from regions with high levels of air pollution were more likely to have TP53 mutations and shorter telomeres. They also exhibited an increase in most types of mutations, including a 3.9-fold increase in signature SBS4, which has previously been linked with tobacco smoking, and a 76% increase in the clock-like signature SBS5. A positive dose–response effect was observed with air-pollution levels, correlating with both a decrease in telomere length and an increase in somatic mutations, mainly attributed to signatures SBS4 and SBS5. Our results elucidate the diversity of mutational processes shaping the genomic landscape of lung cancer in never smokers.
化學Chemistry
Redox-powered autonomous directional C–C bond rotation under enzyme control
酶控氧化還原驅(qū)動的自主定向碳—碳鍵旋轉(zhuǎn)
▲ 作者：Jordan Berreur, Olivia F. B. Watts et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09291-6
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了一種基于非手性聯(lián)苯結構的簡單合成分子馬達，其通過包含并行氧化與還原途徑的氧化還原反應網(wǎng)絡，實現(xiàn)了化學能驅(qū)動的碳—碳鍵連續(xù)自主單向旋轉(zhuǎn)。
這種方向性控制及氧化劑/還原劑雙燃料的結合利用，均通過酶催化的固有對映選擇性和反應功能分離特性實現(xiàn)。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that a redox reaction network, comprising concurrent oxidation and reduction pathways, can drive chemically fuelled continuous autonomous unidirectional motion about a C–C bond in a structurally simple synthetic molecular motor based on an achiral biphenyl. The combined use of an oxidant and reductant as fuels and the directionality of the motor are both enabled by exploiting the enantioselectivity and functional separation of reactivity inherent to enzyme catalysis.
地球科學Earth Science
Invariance of dynamo action in an early-Earth model
早期地球模型中的發(fā)電機作用不變性
▲ 作者：Yufeng Lin, Philippe Marti & Andrew Jackson
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09334-y
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了揭示了在早期地球地核極低黏度條件下，發(fā)電機作用具有不依賴流體粘度的特性。
我們的早期地球幾何模型產(chǎn)生的磁場強度和形態(tài)，不僅與遠古時期古地磁數(shù)據(jù)相符，同時與現(xiàn)代地磁場表現(xiàn)出顯著相似性。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)提出了固態(tài)內(nèi)核在產(chǎn)生觀測到的地磁場時空變化中的作用的新問題。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show dynamo actions that are independent of fluid viscosity in the correct geometry of the Earth’s core in the deep past at extremely low viscosity, demonstrating the negligible role of fluid viscosity in our dynamo simulations. Our early-Earth geometry models produce magnetic field intensity and morphologies that are compatible with the palaeomagnetic data in the deep past while showing remarkable similarity to the present-day magnetic field. This raises questions about the role of the solid inner core in producing the spatial-temporal variations of the observed Earth’s magnetic field.
神經(jīng)科學Neuroscience
An instantaneous voice-synthesis neuroprosthesis
即時語音合成神經(jīng)假體
▲ 作者：Maitreyee Wairagkar, Nicholas S. Card et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09127-3
▲摘要：
在此，我們展示了一種大腦—語音神經(jīng)假體系統(tǒng)。通過解碼一名肌萎縮側索硬化癥伴嚴重構音障礙患者腹側中央前回植入的256個微電極的神經(jīng)活動結合閉環(huán)音頻反饋，此系統(tǒng)可以實現(xiàn)即時語音合成。我們克服了缺乏真實語音數(shù)據(jù)訓練神經(jīng)解碼器的挑戰(zhàn)，成功精確合成了患者的語音。
除音素內(nèi)容外，我們還能從皮層內(nèi)活動中解碼副語言特征，使受試者能夠?qū)崟r調(diào)節(jié)其腦機接口合成語音的音調(diào)變化，甚至演唱簡短旋律。這些結果證明了通過腦機接口讓癱瘓患者實現(xiàn)清晰且有表現(xiàn)力說話的可行性。
▲ Abstract：
Here we demonstrate a brain-to-voice neuroprosthesis that instantaneously synthesizes voice with closed-loop audio feedback by decoding neural activity from 256 microelectrodes implanted into the ventral precentral gyrus of a man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and severe dysarthria. We overcame the challenge of lacking ground-truth speech for training the neural decoder and were able to accurately synthesize his voice. Along with phonemic content, we were also able to decode paralinguistic features from intracortical activity, enabling the participant to modulate his BCI-synthesized voice in real time to change intonation and sing short melodies. These results demonstrate the feasibility of enabling people with paralysis to speak intelligibly and expressively through a BCI.
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