編譯 | 李言
Nature, 28 August 2025, Volume 644 Issue 8078
《自然》2025年8月28日，第644卷，8078期
材料科學Material Sciences
Efficient perovskite/silicon tandem with asymmetric self-assembly molecule
采用非對稱自組裝分子的高效鈣鈦礦/硅疊層電池
▲ 作者：Lingbo Jia, Simeng Xia et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09333-z
▲摘要：
研究人員設計了一種非對稱自組裝單分子層HTL201，其結構特征為在咔唑核苯環側分別引入間隔基團和膦酸錨定基團，作為鈣鈦礦/硅疊層太陽能電池的空穴傳輸層。
與具有氮鍵合膦酸基團的對稱自組裝單分子層相比，HTL201分子展現出更小的空間位阻效應，并在透明導電氧化物復合層上實現了更完整的覆蓋。HTL201與鈣鈦礦薄膜之間的強配位作用有效降低了埋底界面的非輻射復合損失。
值得注意的是，通過優化鈣鈦礦與HTL201之間的能級排列，配合鈣鈦礦層準費米能級分裂值的提升，實現了鈣鈦礦/硅疊層太陽能電池接近2伏的突破性電壓，基于硅異質結電池的認證功率轉換效率達到34.58%。
▲ Abstract：
Here we design an asymmetric self-assembled monolayer (named as HTL201) featuring an anchoring group and a spacer flanking a carbazole core, serving as a hole-selective layer for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. When compared with symmetric self-assembled monolayers with a nitrogen-bonded phosphonic acid group, the HTL201 molecule shows minimized steric hindrance and improved coverage on the transparent conductive oxide recombination layer. The strong coordination interaction between HTL201 and the perovskite film effectively reduces non-radiative recombination at the buried interface. Notably, the optimized energy-level alignment between the perovskite and HTL201, accompanied by an increase in the quasi-Fermi-level splitting value of the perovskite layer, enables an impressive voltage of nearly 2?V for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, resulting in a certified power conversion efficiency of up to 34.58% based on a silicon heterojunction solar cell.
物理學Physics
Optical control of resonances in temporally symmetry-broken metasurfaces
光學控制的時間對稱破缺超表面共振特性
▲ 作者：Andreas Aigner, Thomas Possmayer et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09363-7
▲摘要：
研究人員通過超快光學泵浦實現了超表面的時間對稱性破缺，為輻射損耗驅動的共振調控提供了實驗驗證，成功實現了共振產生、湮滅、展寬與銳化。為實現這種時間調控，研究引入了恢復的對稱保護約束狀態。盡管它們的單位晶胞具有幾何不對稱性，但通過兩個強度相等的反對稱偶極子，仍能完全抑制輻射連續域的耦合。通過在這些單位晶胞的特定區域實施選擇性米氏共振泵浦，研究人員成功調控了偶極子平衡態，實現了共振的創建與湮滅，并能精確調節譜線寬度、振幅及近場增強效應。這一突破為光學與量子通信、時間晶體及光子電路等領域帶來了潛在應用前景。
▲ Abstract：
Here we demonstrate temporal symmetry breaking in metasurfaces through ultrafast optical pumping, providing an experimental realization of radiative-loss-driven resonance tuning, allowing resonance creation, annihilation, broadening and sharpening. To enable this temporal control, we introduce restored symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum. Even though their unit cells are geometrically asymmetric, coupling to the radiation continuum remains fully suppressed, which, in this work, is achieved by two equally strong antisymmetric dipoles. By using selective Mie-resonant pumping in parts of these unit cells, we can modify their dipole balance to create or annihilate resonances as well as tune the linewidth, amplitude and near-field enhancement, leading to potential applications in optical and quantum communications, time crystals and photonic circuits.
生物學Biology
Nutrients activate distinct patterns of small-intestinal enteric neurons
營養物質激活小腸神經元的不同模式
▲ 作者：Candice Fung, Tom Venneman et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09228-z
▲摘要：
研究人員使用鈣成像技術，成功識別出小鼠空腸腔內營養物質激活的不同腸神經通路。值得注意的是，研究發現不同營養物質會激活具有特定神經化學特征的肌腸和粘膜下神經元集合。此外，研究發現腸神經元并非直接感應營養物質，而是主要通過血清素信號通路經由上皮細胞檢測不同的腔內化學物質。最后，研究數據揭示了腔內信息沿腸道徑向軸的空間分布規律：某些源自絨毛上皮的信號會先傳遞至肌腸叢，隨后反向傳輸至更靠近管腔的粘膜下叢。
▲ Abstract：
Here we use calcium imaging to identify specific enteric pathways that are activated in response to luminal nutrients applied to mouse jejunum. Notably, we show that different nutrients activate neurochemically defined ensembles of myenteric and submucosal neurons. Furthermore, we find that enteric neurons are not directly sensitive to nutrients but detect different luminal chemicals through the epithelium, mainly via a serotonin signalling pathway. Finally, our data reveal a spatial distribution of luminal information along the radial axis of the intestine, whereby some signals that originate from the villus epithelium are transmitted first to the myenteric plexus, and then back to the submucosal plexus, which is closer to the lumen.
A diverse and distinct microbiome inside living trees
活體樹木中多樣且獨特的微生物群
▲ 作者：Wyatt Arnold, Jonathan Gewirtzman et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09316-0
▲摘要：
研究揭示了棲息在樹木內部且進化適應其環境的微生物群，并且進一步識別出不同的微生物種類，揭示了樹木是生物多樣性的避風港，以及樹木健康和森林生態功能中的潛在關鍵角色。
研究發現單棵樹木的木質組織中蘊藏著約一萬億個細菌，其微生物群落明顯區分為心材與邊材兩大生態位——兩者維持著獨特的微生物組系，且與其他植物組織或環境微生物的相似性極低。
心材微生物組尤為特殊，其特征是富含驅動重要生物地球化學過程的特化古菌和厭氧細菌。研究結果支持了植物作為'整體生物'（holobionts）的概念，即宿主與相關微生物共同構成的整合生態單元，這對理解樹木健康、病害及功能實現具有重要意義。
通過系統解析樹木內部微生物組的組成、結構與功能，本研究為樹木生理學和森林生態學研究開辟了新路徑，同時確立了環境微生物學的新前沿領域。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we illuminate the microbiome inhabiting and adapted to wood and further specialized to individual host tree species, revealing that wood is a harbour of biodiversity and potential key players in tree health and forest ecosystem functions. We demonstrate that a single tree hosts approximately one trillion bacteria in its woody tissues, with microbial communities distinctly partitioned between heartwood and sapwood, each maintaining unique microbiomes with minimal similarity to other plant tissues or ecosystem components. The heartwood microbiome emerges as a particularly unique ecological niche, distinguished by specialized archaea and anaerobic bacteria driving consequential biogeochemical processes. Our findings support the concept of plants as ‘holobionts’—integrated ecological units of host and associated microorganisms—with implications for tree health, disease and functionality. By characterizing the composition, structure and functions of tree internal microbiomes, our work opens up pathways for understanding tree physiology and forest ecology and establishes a new frontier in environmental microbiology.
地球科學Earth Science
Mapping urban gullies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
剛果民主共和國城市沖溝測繪研究
▲ 作者：Guy Ilombe Mawe, Eric Lutete Landu et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09371-7
▲摘要：
該研究對剛果民主共和國（DRC）全國范圍內的城市沖溝規模及影響進行了系統評估。通過地圖測繪，研究人員在26個城市中共識別出2922條城市沖溝。
結合沖溝形成速率、擴張速率與人口密度數據，研究人員估算2004—2023年間約有11.86萬人（不確定范圍：±4.44萬人）因城市沖溝災害而被迫遷移。
研究發現，年均遷移人數從2020年前的約4650人/年增至2020年后的約12200人/年。2010至2023年間，生活在沖溝潛在擴張區域的人口從160萬（±60萬）倍增至320萬（±130萬），且城市擴張與氣候變化可能使更多人口面臨風險。該研究建議亟需制定相應的防治工具與策略以應對這一地質災害。
▲ Abstract：
Here we provide an assessment of the extent and impact of urban gullies at the scale of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Through mapping, we identify 2,922 urban gullies across 26 cities. By combining their formation and growth rates with population density data, we estimate that around 118,600 people (uncertainty range:?±?44,400 people) have been displaced by urban gullies over the period 2004–2023. We find that average displacement rates increased from about 4,650 persons?yr?1 (pre-2020) to about 12,200 persons?yr?1 (post-2020). Between 2010 and 2023, the number of people living in the potential expansion zone of urban gullies doubled from 1.6 (±0.6) to 3.2 (±1.3) million, with more likely to be exposed due to urban sprawl and climate change. We suggest that there is a need for tools and strategies to prevent and mitigate this hazard.
社會學Sociology
Immigrant–native pay gap driven by lack of access to high-paying jobs
移民與本土居民薪資差距主要源于缺乏高薪職業準入途徑
▲ 作者：Are Skeie Hermansen, Andrew Penner et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09259-6
▲摘要：
基于歐美九國數據，研究發現移民背景勞動者被隔離至低薪職業的現象，約占移民與本土居民總收入差異的四分之三。
盡管在部分國家中，移民群體內部仍存在明顯的同工不同酬現象，但該研究表明，在高薪職業獲取機會上的不平等，才是不同制度與人口結構背景下移民—本國人薪資差距的主要成因。
這些發現凸顯了降低職業間隔離政策的重要性，例如：提供語言與職業技能培訓、完善求職輔助計劃、改善國內教育準入機制、承認外國學歷資格，以及通過安置計劃增強職業信息與社交網絡的獲取渠道。同時，針對雇主在招聘與晉升決策中偏見的政策也可能收效顯著，而僅確保'同工同酬'的措施對于進一步縮小移民—本國人薪資差距的作用范圍可能相對有限。
▲ Abstract：
Here, using data from nine European and North American countries, we show that the segregation of workers with immigrant backgrounds into lower-paying jobs accounts for about three-quarters of overall immigrant–native earnings differences. Although within-job pay inequality remains notable for immigrants in several countries, our results demonstrate that unequal access to higher-paying jobs is the primary driver of the immigrant–native pay gap across a range of institutionally and demographically diverse contexts. These findings highlight the importance of policies aimed at reducing between-job segregation, such as language training, job training, job search assistance programmes, improving access to domestic education, recognizing foreign qualifications, and settlement programmes aimed at enhancing access to job-relevant information and networks. Policies that target employer bias in hiring and promotion decisions are also likely to be effective, whereas measures aimed at ensuring equal pay for equal work may have more limited scope for further progress in closing the immigrant–native pay gap.
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