編譯|馮維維
Science, 13 November 2025, Volume 390, Issue 6774
《科學》，2025年11月13日，第390卷，6774期
化學Chemistry
Observation of undepleted phosphine in the atmosphere of a low-temperature brown dwarf
在一顆低溫褐矮星大氣中觀測到未耗盡的磷化氫
▲ 作者：ADAM J. BURGASSER, EILEEN C. GONZALES, SAMUEL A. BEILER, CHANNON VISSCHER, BEN BURNINGHAM, GREGORY N. MACE, JACQUELINE K. FAHERTY, ZENGHUA ZHANG, CLARA SOUSA-SILVA, AND CHRISTOPHER A. THEISSEN
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu0401
▲摘要：
預期在低溫褐矮星和氣態巨行星的大氣中會存在磷化氫分子。然而，以往的觀測顯示，該分子的豐度遠低于大氣化學模型的預測。研究者報告了利用詹姆斯·布空間望遠鏡對褐矮星Wolf 1130C大氣中磷化氫的光譜觀測結果。根據在約4.3微米波長處探測到多條磷化氫造成的吸收譜線，他們計算出磷化氫豐度為0.100 ± 0.009ppm。
該豐度與成功模擬木星和土星中磷化氫豐度的非平衡大氣化學模型相符，且遠高于此前報道的其他褐矮星或系外行星中的豐度。這種差異可能與Wolf 1130C中氦以外重元素豐度較低有關。
▲ Abstract：
The atmospheres of low-temperature brown dwarfs and gas giant planets are expected to contain the phosphine molecule, PH3. However, previous observations have shown much lower abundances of this molecule than predicted with atmospheric chemistry models. We report JWST spectroscopic observations of phosphine in the atmosphere of the brown dwarf Wolf 1130C. Multiple absorption lines due to phosphine have been detected around 4.3 micrometers, from which we calculated a phosphine abundance of 0.100 ± 0.009 parts per million. This abundance is consistent with disequilibrium atmospheric chemistry models that reproduced the phosphine abundances in Jupiter and Saturn and is much higher than abundances previously reported for other brown dwarfs or exoplanets. This difference may be related to the low abundance of elements heavier than helium in Wolf 1130C.
Electrolytes that reduce electro-osmotic drag improve fast charging of lithium-ion batteries
減少電滲牽引的電解質可改善鋰離子電池的快速充電性能
▲ 作者：CHANG-XIN ZHAO4, ZEYI WANG, DAVID JACOBSON, YUE LI, BORIS KHAYKOVICH, SEAN FAYFAR, LEI ZHENG, JACOB LAMANNA, XILIN CHEN , AND CHUNSHENG WANG
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv1739
▲摘要：
快速充電（速率大于4C）對于電動汽車中的高能鋰離子電池至關重要，但由于對快充障礙缺乏理解，這仍然是一個挑戰。傳統的優化策略側重于通過電極結構修飾來縮短鋰離子傳輸路徑，但這常常會犧牲能量密度。
研究者證明了厚電極的快速充電能力受限于多孔電極內的溶劑抽離以及由此產生的電滲牽引極化，該效應由陽離子誘導的電滲牽引驅動。為降低電滲牽引極化，他們設計了具有弱陽離子溶劑化和強陰離子溶劑化特性的電解質。
其中一種二氟化溶劑能弱化鋰陽離子的溶劑化作用，而其二氟甲基氫原子則通過氫鍵增強陰離子的溶劑化作用。這種電解質使得采用厚電極的高能量密度電池能夠在13分鐘內完成80%的充電。
▲ Abstract：
Fast charging (at rates greater than 4 C) is essential for high-energy lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles yet remains challenging owing to a lack of understanding of fast-charging barriers. Conventional optimization strategies concentrate on shortening lithium-ion transport pathways through electrode structure modification, which often compromises energy densities. In this work, we demonstrate that thick-electrode fast charging is constrained by solvent withdrawal within porous electrodes and the resulting electro-osmotic drag polarization, which is driven by cation-induced electro-osmotic drag. To reduce electro-osmotic drag polarization, we designed electrolytes with weak cation solvation and strong anion solvation, where a difluorinated solvent weakens lithium-cation solvation and its difluoromethyl hydrogen atoms enhance anion solvation through hydrogen bonding. This electrolyte enables thick-electrode, energy-dense batteries to achieve 80% charge within 13 minutes.
生物學Biology
Integrative phylogenomics positions sponges at the root of the animal tree
整合性基因組系統發育學研究將海綿定位在動物樹系的根部
▲ 作者：JACOB L. STEENWYK AND NICOLE KING
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw9456
▲摘要：
確定動物樹系的根部是海綿還是櫛水母，對于理解早期動物演化具有重要意義。研究通過構建龐大且信息豐富的數據矩陣——包含來自海綿、櫛水母、刺胞動物、兩側對稱動物以及多種動物近親的序列——來檢驗這兩種競爭性假說所獲得的證據支持度。
他們利用新構建的數據矩陣以及10個已發表的數據集，進行785次拓撲結構檢驗，這些檢驗采用了整合性系統基因組學方法。該方法將串聯法和溯祖法相統一，以識別具有一致系統發育信號的基因。
在所有檢驗中，490項具有統計學顯著性的檢驗均支持"海綿—姐妹群"假說，沒有一項檢驗支持"櫛水母—姐妹群"假說；其余295項檢驗則無定論。這些結果為"海綿—姐妹群"假說提供了強有力的證據，并表明整合性系統基因組學為解開生命樹系中的分支難題提供了一種穩健而強大的方法。
▲ Abstract：
Determining whether sponges or ctenophores root the animal tree has important implications for understanding early animal evolution. Here, we examined support for these competing hypotheses by constructing large and highly informative data matrices containing sequences from sponges, ctenophores, cnidarians, bilaterians, and diverse animal relatives. The new data matrices and 10 published datasets were analyzed in 785 topology tests conducted using integrative phylogenomics, a method that unifies concatenation and coalescence to identify genes with a consistent phylogenetic signal. All 490 statistically significant tests supported the sponge-sister hypothesis and none supported the ctenophore-sister hypothesis; the remaining 295 tests were inconclusive. These results provide compelling evidence for the sponge-sister hypothesis and suggest that integrative phylogenomics provides a robust and powerful approach for disentangling branches in the tree of life.
Metagenomic editing of commensal bacteria in vivo using CRISPR-associated transposases
利用CRISPR相關轉座酶對體內共生菌進行宏基因組編輯
▲ 作者：DIEGO RIVERA GELSINGER, CARLOTTA RONDA, JUNJIE MA, OM B. KAR, MADELINE EDWARDS, YIMING HUANG, CHRYSTAL F. MAVROS, YIWEI SUN, TYLER PERDUE, AND HARRIS H. WANG
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx7604
▲摘要：
腸道菌群對健康至關重要，但科學界一直缺乏精準工具來修飾體內特定微生物的基因。演技組合開發了MetaEdit技術，通過移動式CRISPR相關轉座酶直接修飾活體動物體內的天然腸道菌群基因組。
該研究實現了三大突破：將新代謝特性植入常見細菌；通過飲食調控這些微生物；成功編輯難培養菌種。通過展示特定細菌功能的可編程性與選擇性富集能力，MetaEdit為微生物組研究和靶向特定菌種的治療策略開啟了全新路徑。
▲ Abstract：
Gut bacteria play a vital role in health, but scientists have lacked precise tools to genetically modify specific microbes living within the body. Gelsinger et al. developed MetaEdit, a technology using mobile CRISPR-associated transposases to directly modify the genomes of native gut bacteria inside living animals. They inserted new metabolic traits into common bacteria, enabled control of these microbes through diet, and achieved editing of hard-to-culture species. By showing how specific bacterial functions can be programmed and selectively enriched, MetaEdit opens new doors for microbiome research and therapeutic strategies targeting individual bacterial species.
生物物理學Biophysics
Clinically ready magnetic microrobots for targeted therapies
用于靶向治療的臨床就緒型磁性微型機器人
▲ 作者：FABIAN C. LANDERS, LUKAS HERTLE, VITALY PUSTOVALOV, DERICK SIVAKUMARAN, CAGATAY M. ORAL, OLIVER BRINKMANN, KIRSTIN MEINERS, PASCAL THEILER , VALENTIN GANTENBEIN , AND BRADLEY J. NELSON
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx1708
▲摘要：
全身給藥常常導致脫靶效應，限制了先進療法的療效。靶向給藥方法能在疾病部位增加局部藥物濃度，同時最大限度地減少全身藥物暴露。研究者提出了一種磁性引導的微型機器人藥物遞送平臺，能夠在生理條件下進行精確導航。
該平臺集成了臨床電磁導航系統、定制設計的釋放導管和用于精確治療遞送的可溶解膠囊。體外測試顯示了在人體血管模型中的精確導航能力，體內實驗則證實了在熒光透視下的可跟蹤性以及在大型動物模型中成功導航。
該微型機器人平衡了磁性材料濃度、造影劑負載和治療藥物容量，為精確靶向藥物遞送提供了一個有前景的解決方案。
▲ Abstract：
Systemic drug administration often causes off-target effects, limiting the efficacy of advanced therapies. Targeted drug delivery approaches increase local drug concentrations at the diseased site while minimizing systemic drug exposure. We present a magnetically guided microrobotic drug delivery platform capable of precise navigation under physiological conditions. This platform integrates a clinical electromagnetic navigation system, a custom-designed release catheter, and a dissolvable capsule for accurate therapeutic delivery. In vitro tests showed precise navigation in human vasculature models, and in vivo experiments confirmed tracking under fluoroscopy and successful navigation in large animal models. The microrobot balances magnetic material concentration, contrast agent loading, and therapeutic drug capacity, offering a promising solution for precise targeted drug delivery.
考古學Paleontology
Earliest oceanic tetrapod ecosystem reveals rapid complexification of Triassic marine communities
最古老海洋四足動物生態系統揭示三疊紀海洋群落的快速復雜化進程
▲ 作者：AUBREY J. ROBERTS, MACIEJ RUCINSKI, BENJAMIN P. KEAR, ?YVIND HAMMER, VICTORIA S. ENGELSCHI?N, THOMAS HOLM SCHARLING, RUDI B. LARSEN, AND J?RN H. HURUM
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx7390
▲摘要：
四足動物在災難性的二疊紀末大滅絕（EPME）后侵入海洋環境，從離片椎類兩棲動物到以爬行動物為主的生物組合在早三疊世（約2.519億至2.472億年前）相繼更替。然而，相互矛盾的化石記錄、分化時間估算和地層年代平均化使得這一里程碑式演化轉變的具體進程始終難以確定。
研究通過描述斯匹次卑爾根北極島上一處中早三疊世（斯帕斯亞期早期，約2.49億年前）的濃縮骨骼層，揭示了一個完整的海洋四足動物生態系統。該生態系統包含：頂級捕食者魚龍類、小型魚龍類、食硬殼動物的魚龍形類、半水生主龍型類、廣鹽性離片椎類、空棘魚、肺魚、輻鰭魚類和鯊魚，共同構成了出人意料的復雜營養網絡。
比較多樣性分析進一步表明，異質化海洋脊椎動物群落在三疊紀最早期（迪納爾期—史密斯期，約2.51億年前）已完全形成，并在二疊紀末大滅絕后約300萬年內整合出完全多樣化的四足動物生態位。
▲ Abstract：
Tetrapods invaded oceanic environments after the cataclysmic end-Permian mass extinction (EPME), with temnospondyl amphibian to reptile-dominated assemblages succeeding across the Early Triassic [~251.9 to 247.2 million years ago (Ma)]. However, conflicting fossil occurrences, divergence estimates, and stratigraphic time averaging make the tempo of this landmark evolutionary transition uncertain. In this work, we describe an oceanic tetrapod ecosystem from a condensed mid–Early Triassic (early Spathian, ~249 Ma) bone bed on the arctic island of Spitsbergen. Apex predator ichthyosaurians, small-bodied ichthyopterygians, durophagous ichthyosauriforms, semiaquatic archosauromorphs, euryhaline temnospondyls, coelacanths, lungfish, ray-finned fish, and sharks formed an unexpectedly complex trophic network. Comparative diversity analyses further show that heterogeneous marine vertebrate communities were well established by the late-earliest Triassic (Dienerian-Smithian, ~251 Ma) and integrated fully variegate tetrapod niches by ~3 million years after the EPME.
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