編譯 | 馮維維
Science, Volume 383, Issue 6685, 23 February 2024
《科學》，第383卷，6685期，2024年2月23日
物理學Physics
Emission lines due to ionizing radiation from a compact object in the remnant of Supernova 1987A
超新星1987A殘骸中致密天體電離輻射的發(fā)射線
▲ 作者：C. FRANSSON, M. J. BARLOW, P. J. KAVANAGH, J. LARSSON, O. C. JONES, B. SARGENT, M. MEIXNER, P. BOUCHET, T. TEMIM, AND B. VANDENBUSSCHE
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj5796
▲ 摘要：
地球附近的超新星SN 1987A肉眼可見，其演變在最近幾十年里一直被觀察到。此次爆炸被認為產(chǎn)生了一個中子星或黑洞，但并未被直接探測到。
研究者利用近紅外和中紅外積分場光譜觀測到了SN 1987A的殘余物，發(fā)現(xiàn)電離氬的發(fā)射線只出現(xiàn)在殘骸的中心附近。光電離模型表明，線比和速度可以用中子星的電離輻射來解釋，這些輻射照亮了爆炸恒星內部的氣體。
▲ Abstract：
The nearby supernova SN 1987A was visible to the naked eye, and its evolution has been observed over the ensuing decades. The explosion is thought to have produced a neutron star or black hole, but none has been directly detected. Fransson et al. observed a remnant of SN 1987A using near- and mid-infrared integral field spectroscopy. They identified emission lines of ionized argon that appear only near the center of the remnant. Photoionization models show that the line ratios and velocities can be explained by ionizing radiation from a neutron star illuminating gas from the inner parts of the exploded star.
Achieving sub-0.5-angstrom–resolution ptychography in an uncorrected electron microscope
電子顯微鏡實現(xiàn)低于0.5埃分辨率觸覺成像
▲ 作者：KAYLA X. NGUYEN, YI JIANG, CHIA-HAO LEE, PRITI KHAREL, YUE ZHANG, AREND M. VAN DER ZANDE, AND PINSHANE Y. HUANG
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2029
▲ 摘要：
電子顯微鏡中的像差校正通常是用復雜和昂貴的透鏡光學來完成的，但平面攝影提供了一種替代方法，在不同的探針位置收集會聚光束衍射圖，并用于確定圖像的部分計算。
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過將數(shù)據(jù)收集擴展到具有大動量散射的電子，并考慮探針的部分相干性，可以實現(xiàn)更高的分辨率。他們展示了在未校正的顯微鏡下扭曲二硒化鎢雙分子層樣品的分辨率高達0.44埃。
▲ Abstract：
Aberration correction in electron microscopy is usually performed with complex and expensive lens optics, but ptychography offers an alternative method in which convergent-beam diffraction patterns are collected at different probe positions and used to determine the image partial computationally. Nguyen et al. show that higher resolution can be achieved by extending data collection to electrons with large momentum scattering and by accounting for the partial coherence of the probe. They demonstrated resolution up to 0.44 angstrom in an uncorrected microscope for twisted tungsten diselenide bilayer samples.
生態(tài)Ecology
Arctic sea ice retreat fuels boreal forest advance
北極海冰退縮助長北方森林擴張
▲ 作者：ROMAN J. DIAL, COLIN T. MAHER, REBECCA E. HEWITT, AMY M. WOCKENFUSS, RUSSELL E. WONG, DANIEL J. CRAWFORD, MADELINE G. ZIETLOW, AND PATRICK F. SULLIVAN
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh2339
▲ 摘要：
北極變暖速度比全球平均速度快數(shù)倍，而冰融化和樹木覆蓋增加導致的反照率下降進一步加劇了全球氣候變化。據(jù)預測，隨著氣候變暖，北方森林將轉移到凍土帶，但到目前為止，樹木線向北移動緩慢或尚未移動。
研究者將林木線的推進與北冰洋海冰的減少聯(lián)系起來，將阿拉斯加北部的野外和遙感測量結果與其他60個北極地區(qū)公布的數(shù)據(jù)相結合，發(fā)現(xiàn)與海冰的距離可以預測樹木的生長和補充，以及森林發(fā)展的可能性。
▲ Abstract：
The arctic is warming multiple times faster than the global average, and the resulting loss of albedo from melting ice and increasing tree cover is further increasing global climate change. Boreal forest is predicted to shift into the tundra zone as the climate warms, but thus far tree lines have moved northward slowly or not at all. Dial et al. linked tree line advance to declines in Arctic Ocean sea ice. Combining field and remotely sensed measurements from northern Alaska with published data from 60 other Arctic sites, the authors found that distance to sea ice predicted tree growth and recruitment, as well as the probability of forest advance.
Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years
過去450萬年全球和區(qū)域溫度變化
▲ 作者：PETER U. CLARK, JEREMY D. SHAKUN, YAIR ROSENTHAL, PETER K?HLER, AND PATRICK J. BARTLEIN
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1908
▲ 摘要：
過去450萬年里，全球氣候已經(jīng)大幅降溫，但由于通常用于測量溫度的替代方法存在不確定性，很難確定具體的降溫幅度和具體的降溫軌跡。
研究者提出了該時期的溫度重建，避免了一些不確定性，并提供了更可靠的溫度曲線。該發(fā)現(xiàn)或有助于更好地理解導致全球溫度變化的氣候系統(tǒng)的相互作用和反饋。
▲ Abstract：
Global climate has cooled considerably over the past 4.5 million years, but by exactly how much and following exactly what trajectory is difficult to specify because of uncertainties in the proxy methods commonly used to measure temperatures. Clark et al. present a temperature reconstruction for that period that avoids some of those uncertainties and provides a more reliable temperature curve. Their findings should help to provide a better understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system that caused the global temperature changes.
Chemistry-albedo feedbacks offset up to a third of forestation’s CO2 removal benefits
化學反照率反饋或抵消造林去除二氧化碳效益的1/3
▲ 作者：JAMES WEBER, JAMES A. KING, NATHAN LUKE ABRAHAM, DANIEL P. GROSVENOR, CHRISTOPHER J. SMITH, YOUNGSUB MATTHEW SHIN, PETER LAWRENCE, STEPHANIE ROE, DAVID J. BEERLING, AND MARIA VAL MARTIN
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg6196
▲ 摘要：
植樹造林被認為是隔絕大氣二氧化碳和涼爽氣候的好方法，但它對氣候的影響比碳捕獲的影響要復雜得多。
研究者通過量化造林對地表反照率和大氣成分的影響，探討了造林對氣候的影響。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，反射的減少和氣溶膠散射的增加抵消了造林產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳去除所帶來的大約三分之一的冷卻效果。
▲ Abstract：
Forestation is considered a good way to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide and cool climate, but its impact on climate is more complex than just its effects through carbon capture. Weber et al. explored the impacts of forestation on climate by quantifying its influence on surface albedo and atmospheric composition (see the Perspective by Hayman). They found that the combination of decreased reflection and increased aerosol scattering of incident sunlight offsets about one-third of the cooling by carbon dioxide removal that forestation produces.
化學Chemistry
Homogeneous crystallization and buried interface passivation for perovskite tandem solar modules
鈣鈦礦串聯(lián)太陽能組件的均勻結晶和埋藏界面鈍化
▲ 作者：HAN GAO, KE XIAO, RENXING LIN, SIYANG ZHAO, WENLIANG WANG, SERGEY DAYNEKO, CHENYANG DUAN, CHENGLONG JI, HONGFEI SUN, AND HAIREN TAN
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6088
▲ 摘要：
在全鈣鈦礦串聯(lián)太陽能電池中，采用鉛錫鈣鈦礦代替硅作為窄帶隙電池，但成核不均勻和結晶速度快限制了薄膜質量和器件效率。新研究表明，氨基乙酰胺鹽酸鹽能在溶液中強配位前驅體組分，使結晶過程均質化，也鈍化了埋藏的鈣鈦礦界面。
研究者在一個20平方厘米的模塊上實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)認證的24.5%的功率轉換效率，該模塊由葉片涂層制成。
▲ Abstract：
In all-perovskite tandem solar cells, a lead-tin perovskite is used instead of silicon as the narrow band gap cell, but nonuniform nucleation and fast crystallization has limited film quality and device efficiency. Gao et al. now show that aminoacetamide hydrochloride can strongly coordinate the precursor components in solution, which homogenizes the crystallization process and also passivates the buried perovskite interface. The authors achieved a certified power conversion efficiency of 24.5% for a 20-square-centimeter module made by blade-coating the layers.
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