編譯|馮維維
Science, 12 June 2025, Volume 388, Issue 6752
《科學》，2025年6月12日，388卷，6752期
化學Chemistry
Acid-humidified CO2 gas input for stable electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction
酸加濕CO2氣體輸入用于穩定的電化學還原反應
▲ 作者：SHAOYUN HAO, AHMAD ELGAZZAR, SHOU-KUN ZHANG, TAE-UNG WI, FENG-YANG CHEN, YUGE FENG, PENG ZHU, AND HAOTIAN WANG
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr3834
▲摘要：
電化學還原二氧化碳是一個新興的研究領域，其反應提供了一種環境可持續的方式，可將溫室氣體作為原料加以利用。優化的電極設計可最大限度地提高氣體向催化劑的傳輸效率，但長期存在的一個問題是，由于碳酸氫鹽的沉淀，設備會隨時間發生堵塞。
研究者發現，向二氧化碳輸入流中引入少量揮發性酸，可防止這種鹽類沉淀，并促進持續還原反應長達4500小時。
▲ Abstract：
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide is a burgeoning field of research because the reaction presents an environmentally sustainable means of using the greenhouse gas as a feedstock. Optimal electrode design would maximize the efficiency of gas transport to the catalyst, but a persistent problem has been clogging over time due to precipitation of bicarbonate salts. Hao et al. found that introducing a small amount of volatile acid into the carbon dioxide input stream can prevent this salt precipitation and promote continuous reduction for up to 4500 hours.
Evolutionary-scale enzymology enables exploration of a rugged catalytic landscape
進化尺度酶學助力探索復雜催化景觀
▲ 作者：DUNCAN F. MUIR, GARRISON P. R. ASPER, PASCAL NOTIN, JACOB A. POSNER, DEBORA S. MARKS, MICHAEL J. KEISER, AND MARGAUX M. PINNEY
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu1058
▲摘要：
特定酶的催化活性在不同物種的直系同源物中可能存在顯著差異，這取決于其所處環境和特定的代謝需求。但此類差異如何進化，又與哪些具體結構特征相關？研究者利用高通量微流控系統，對近200個腺苷酸激酶的直系同源物進行了活性測定，并基于結果構建了催化活性的全景視圖。
研究發現，生長溫度與酶活性的相關性極低，且高活性峰值在景觀中廣泛分布，很可能是獨立進化的結果。當前的蛋白質語言模型雖能按結構對酶進行分組，卻無法預測催化活性景觀；不過，利用實驗活性數據訓練模型仍具潛力。
▲ Abstract：
The catalytic activity of a particular enzyme can vary widely between orthologs in different species, depending on their environment and specific metabolic needs. But how do such differences evolve and relate to specific structural features? Using a high-throughput microfluidic system, Muir et al. assayed nearly 200 orthologs of the enzyme adenylate kinase and used the resulting data to build a landscape view of catalytic activity. There was minimal correlation between growth temperature and activity, and high activity peaks were widely distributed in the landscape and likely evolved independently. Current protein language models group enzymes by structure but fail in predicting the catalytic activity landscape; however, there is potential to train models using experimental activity data.
物理學Physics
Gate-driven band modulation hyperdoping for high-performance p-type 2D semiconductor transistors
高性能p型二維半導體晶體管的實現
▲ 作者：BEI ZHAO, ZUCHENG ZHANG, JUNQING XU, DINGLI GUO, TIANCHENG GU, GUIMING HE, PING LU, KUN HE, JIA LI, AND XIDONG DUAN
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp8444
▲摘要：
通過能帶對準效應，二硒化鎢雙層結構可將其電子轉移至相鄰的二硫化錫單層，從而實現高濃度空穴摻雜。雖然離子注入技術常用于半導體薄膜摻雜，但在少層過渡金屬硫族化合物中難以實施。
研究者證明，利用外部門極偏壓調節范德瓦爾斯界面的能帶偏移和電荷轉移，可獲得每平方厘米1.49×1014的空穴濃度，這一數值約為傳統介電極限的五倍。
▲ Abstract：
Band alignment effects enable high levels of hole doping in a tungsten diselenide bilayer through its transfer of electrons into an adjacent tin disulfide monolayer. Ion implantation is often used to dope in semiconductor films, but this is difficult in few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides. Zhao et al. show that tuning of the band offset and charge transfer across the van der Waals interface with an external gate bias can produce a hole density of 1.49 × 1014 per square centimeter, which is about five times the conventional dielectric limit.
Differential absorption of circularly polarized light by a centrosymmetric crystal
中心對稱晶體對圓偏振光的差分吸收
▲ 作者：KATHERINE A. PARRISH, ANDREW SALIJ, KENDALL R. KAMP, EVAN SMITH, AND ROEL TEMPELAAR
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr5478
▲摘要：
晶體固體受其對稱性決定的普適結構—性能關系所支配，衍生出關于材料可能或不可能展現哪些性能的范式規則。一個長期公認的結構—性能關系是：中心對稱晶體不可能對圓偏振光產生差分吸收。
研究者通過設計、合成和表征中心對稱材料Li2Co3（SeO3）4，打破了這一認知。該材料并非通過違背對稱性選擇定則，而是利用一種此前在晶體固體中未被表征的光物理過程實現了這一突破。
該過程源于線性二色性（LD）與線性雙折射（LB）的干涉效應（簡稱LD-LB效應），可產生強手性光學信號，且信號會隨樣品翻轉發生反轉。這一發現不僅實現了中心對稱體系下的手性光學響應，更為基于晶體固體的光子工程開辟了新途徑。
▲ Abstract：
Crystalline solids are governed by universal structure-property relationships derived from their crystal symmetry, leading to paradigmatic rules on what properties they can and cannot exhibit. A long-held structure-property relationship is that centrosymmetric crystals cannot differentially absorb circularly polarized light. In this study, we demonstrate the design, synthesis, and characterization of the centrosymmetric material Li2Co3（SeO3）4, which violates this relationship not by defying symmetry-imposed selection rules but by invoking a photophysical process not previously characterized for crystalline solids. This process originates from an interference between linear dichroism and linear birefringence, referred to as LD-LB, and involves strong chiroptical signals that invert upon sample flipping. In addition to enabling a chiroptical response under centrosymmetry, this process opens up photonic engineering opportunities based on crystalline solids.
生態學Ecology
Global importance of nitrogen fixation across inland and coastal waters
內陸與沿海水域固氮作用的全球重要性
▲ 作者：ROBINSON W. FULWEILER, SHELBY RINEHART, JASON TAYLOR, MICHELLE C. KELLY, MEGAN E. BERBERICH, NICHOLAS E. RAY, AUTUMN OCZKOWSKI, SAWYER BALINT, MAR BENAVIDES, AND AMY M. MARCARELLI
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt1511
▲摘要：
生物固氮，即將氮氣轉化為生物可利用的固定氮的過程，已在陸地和開闊海洋系統中得到廣泛研究，但人們對其在內陸和沿海水域中的作用知之甚少。
研究者發現，內陸和沿海地區的固氮速率極高。盡管這些棲息地占地球表面積不足10%，卻貢獻了陸地和海洋中約20%的固氮量。
▲ Abstract：
Biological nitrogen fixation, which converts nitrogen gas into biologically available fixed nitrogen, has been studied extensively in terrestrial and open ocean systems, but less is known about this process in inland and coastal waters. Fulweiler et al. found that inland and coastal regions fix nitrogen at prodigious rates. Although these habitats occupy less than 10% of Earth’s surface, they are responsible for approximately 20% of the nitrogen fixation occurring on land and in the ocean.
Observed trend in Earth energy imbalance may provide a constraint for low climate sensitivity models
地球能量失衡的觀測趨勢可為低氣候敏感性模型提供約束
▲ 作者：GUNNAR MYHRE, IVIND HODNEBROG, NORMAN LOEB , AND PIERS M. FORSTER
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt0647
▲摘要：
氣候變暖或變冷取決于地球大氣頂層的凈能量通量——當入射太陽輻射通量大于或小于出射長波輻射通量時，氣候相應變暖或變冷。衛星數據顯示，2001年至2023年間，導致氣候變暖的能量失衡現象已加劇。
研究者發現，低氣候敏感性的氣候模型無法重現地球能量失衡的這一趨勢。他們的研究表明，大氣溫室氣體濃度的持續升高可能導致比當前多數模型預測更為劇烈的變暖。
▲ Abstract：
Climate warms or cools depending on whether the net energy flux from incoming solar radiation is respectively greater or less than that of outgoing long-wave radiation at the top of Earth’s atmosphere. Satellite data have shown that an energy imbalance producing warming has strengthened between 2001 and 2023. Myhre et al. show that climate models with low climate sensitivity do not reproduce that trend in Earth energy imbalance. Their finding means that increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases likely will cause even more warming than most current models predict.
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