Science, 19 Jun 2025, VOL 388, ISSUE 6753
《科學》2025年6月19日，第388卷，6753期
生物學Biology
Sleep need–dependent plasticity of a thalamic circuit promotes homeostatic recovery sleep
睡眠需求依賴性丘腦回路可塑性促進穩態恢復性睡眠
▲ 作者：Sang Soo Lee, Qiang Liu et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8203
▲ 摘要：長時間清醒會導致持續而深度的恢復性睡眠（RS）。然而，介導這一過程的神經回路機制仍未明晰。通過對小鼠進行神經回路篩查，研究人員發現了一組在睡眠剝奪（SD）期間被激活、且對睡眠穩態有必要性的丘腦室旁核（RE）神經元。光遺傳學激活RE神經元會產生一種特殊表型：小鼠先出現睡前行為（理毛和整理巢穴），隨后進入類似于RS的長時間深度睡眠。
在SD期間抑制RE神經元活動會損害后續的RS，表明這些神經元傳遞睡眠需求信號。RE神經元作用于促睡眠區未定帶細胞的上游，且SD會引發該回路的可塑性變化以增強其連接強度。這些發現揭示了睡眠需求通過改變睡眠回路的功能耦合，以促進持續深度睡眠的神經機制。
▲ Abstract：Prolonged wakefulness leads to persistent, deep recovery sleep (RS). However, the neuronal circuits that mediate this process remain elusive. From a circuit screen in mice, we identified a group of thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) neurons activated during sleep deprivation (SD) and required for sleep homeostasis. Optogenetic activation of RE neurons leads to an unusual phenotype: presleep behaviors (grooming and nest organizing) followed by prolonged, intense sleep that resembles RS. Inhibiting RE activity during SD impairs subsequent RS, which suggests that these neurons signal sleep need. RE neurons act upstream of sleep-promoting zona incerta cells, and SD triggers plasticity of this circuit to strengthen their connectivity. These findings reveal a circuit mechanism by which sleep need transforms the functional coupling of a sleep circuit to promote persistent, deep sleep.
化學Chemistry
Limitations of chemical monitoring hinder aquatic risk evaluations on the macroscale
化學監測的局限性制約大尺度水生風險評估
▲ 作者：Sascha Bub, Lara L. Petschick et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5356
▲摘要：大尺度化學監測數據評估需要化學物質、空間和時間三維信息的整合。在此，研究人員關聯了美國6400萬條地表水監測記錄（涉及1900種化學物質，時間跨度為1958至2019年，覆蓋31萬個監測站點）以及3700萬條分析檢測限與體內/體外毒性閾值數據。研究發現，在約29.7萬種潛在環境關注化學物質中，可用于回溯性風險評估的暴露數據不足1%。
與20世紀70年代主要監測持久性無機污染物的情況不同，現行監測體系對大量有機化學物質及其降解產物的管控存在明顯缺失。監測的化學覆蓋度和空間覆蓋度不足，加之部分高毒性物質的檢測限值設置過高，導致重要化學物質的風險認知存在系統性偏差。
▲ Abstract：Macroscale evaluations of chemical monitoring data require the integration of chemical, spatial, and temporal dimensions. Here, we linked 64 million US surface water monitoring records (1900 chemicals, date range 1958 to 2019, 310,000 sites) and 37 million analytical limits and in vivo and in silico toxicity thresholds. We found that the exposure data required for retrospective risk assessment were available for less than 1% of chemicals with potential environmental concern (n ≈ 297,000). In contrast to the situation with persistent and often inorganic contaminants in the 1970s, current monitoring schemes lack control of a much larger number of organic chemicals and their degradates. Insufficient chemical and spatial coverage of monitoring, along with analytical limits being far too high to track some of the most toxic chemicals, biases risk perceptions for important chemicals.
Excision of organic macrocycles from covalent organic frameworks
共價有機框架中有機大環結構的精確切除
▲ 作者：Roberto Sánchez-Naya, Juan Pablo Cavalieri et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw4126
▲摘要：傳統分子合成通常通過簡單分子前體間的分步反應實現。該研究報道了一種基于"剪裁化學"方法的有機分子合成新方法，可以從有序延伸的有機結構中精準切除目標分子。
研究人員通過選擇性切割共價有機框架，成功制備了系列大環化合物：包括8種環原子數為114、138和162的大環聚酰胺，以及1種114原子環的大環聚酰亞胺。這種分子切除策略將有機合成的適用范圍拓展至傳統方法難以獲得的大分子體系。
▲ Abstract：Molecules are typically synthesized through stepwise processes involving chemical reactions between simple molecular precursors. Here, we report an advance in the synthesis of new organic molecules based on the approach of clip-off chemistry, in which molecules are excised from ordered, extended organic structures. We synthesized macrocycles by selectively cleaving them out of covalent organic frameworks. The synthesized macrocycles include eight macrocyclic polyamides with 114-, 138-, and 162-atom rings, and one 114-atom ring macrocyclic polyimide. This excision approach expands the scope of chemical organic synthesis to previously inaccessible macromolecules.
動物學Zoology
Molecular evolution of sour tolerance in birds
鳥類酸味耐受性的分子演化機制
▲ 作者：Hao Zhang, Lei Luo et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7946
▲ 摘要：味覺仔塑造動物感知中非常關鍵。哺乳動物對作為基本味覺之一的酸味具有排斥性，而許多鳥類卻經常取食酸性果實，暗示其可能存在酸味耐受機制。該研究揭示了鳥類酸味耐受的分子基礎涉及酸味受體[otopetrin 1（OTOP1）]的適應性改變。
研究展示了酸味耐受是鳥類的保守性狀，禽類OTOP1表現出酸誘導抑制特性，以及OTOP1調控直接影響酸味感知與耐受能力。通過祖先序列重建發現，酸味耐受能力的提升與鳴禽類群重獲甜味感知能力可能處于相同的演化節點。這一轉變可能使得鳴禽得以取食更廣泛的水果資源，影響了這一種群的演化輻射與多樣性形成。
▲ Abstract：Taste is crucial in shaping animal perception. Sourness, one of the primary tastes, is aversive in mammals, whereas many birds frequently consume acidic fruits, suggesting a potential tolerance. Our study uncovers a mechanism enabling avian sour tolerance that involves changes to the sour receptor [otopetrin 1 (OTOP1)]. We demonstrate that sour tolerance is a conserved trait in birds, with avian OTOP1 exhibiting acid-induced inhibition and OTOP1 modulation affecting sour perception and tolerance. Ancestral reconstruction reveals that the increase in acid tolerance may have evolved at the same point in the songbird phylogeny as the regain of sweet sensing in this clade. This shift might have enabled songbirds to feed on a wider range of fruits, affecting the evolution and diversification of the songbird radiation.
地球科學Earth Science
Greener green and bluer blue: Ocean poleward greening over the past two decades
更綠的綠，更藍的藍：過去二十年海洋極地綠化現象
▲ 作者：Haipeng Zhao, Manfredi Manizza et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9715
▲ 摘要：盡管氣候變化導致的陸地綠化現象已有充分記載，海洋中的類似趨勢卻沒有被徹底研究。基于衛星觀測的海洋葉綠素a（Chl）濃度數據，該研究展示了表層海洋在2003至2022年間呈現顯著的向極地綠化趨勢。
與此同時，北半球副熱帶海域葉綠素濃度持續下降。通過構建不平等指數發現，這種葉綠素濃度的緯度差異在過去二十年持續擴大，在北半球表現尤為突出。
水溫上升可能是驅動葉綠素變化的主因。這種以海水"更綠的綠，更藍的藍"為標志的葉綠素分布失衡現象，可能通過營養級聯效應影響高營養級生物，進而對沿海國家漁業與經濟產生深遠影響。
▲ Abstract：Although the global greening associated with climate change is well documented on land, similar trends in the ocean have not been thoroughly identified. Using satellite observations of ocean chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration, we show that the surface ocean experienced a poleward greening from 2003 to 2022. Contemporaneously, the subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere experienced a decrease in Chl. As such, the latitudinal disparity in Chl, as documented by an inequality index, has been increasing over the past two decades, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Rising water temperatures may primarily influence the Chl trends. The increasing Chl inequality—marked by “greener green and bluer blue” waters—has the potential to cascade to higher trophic levels, with implications for the fisheries and economies of coastal nations.
Plastic bag bans and fees reduce harmful bag litter on shorelines
塑料袋禁令與收費政策有效減少海岸線有害塑料袋污染
▲ 作者：Anna Papp and Kimberly L. Oremus
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274
▲摘要：塑料污染正嚴重威脅海洋及淡水生態系統及其生態服務功能。盡管全球范圍越來越普遍實施內塑料袋禁令與稅費政策，但其減少塑料垃圾的實際效果尚不明確。
利用美國不同地理尺度上實施的差異化塑料袋政策，結合公民科學項目收集的45067次海岸線清理數據，該研究系統評估了政策對塑料袋垃圾的影響。
研究發現，相較于無政策地區，實施塑料袋政策的區域在清理垃圾中塑料袋占比下降25%至47%，其中稅費政策可能對海岸線垃圾的減排效果更顯著。當前，一方面多國政府正考慮出臺塑料袋管制政策，另一方面部分地區卻通過立法阻撓此類政策推行。該研究為塑料袋政策能有效緩解海岸線塑料污染問題提供了證據。
▲ Abstract：Plastic pollution threatens marine and freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide. Although plastic bag bans and taxes are increasingly implemented worldwide, their effectiveness in reducing plastic litter remains unknown. Leveraging the patchwork of bag policies across different geographic scales in the United States and citizen science data on 45,067 shoreline cleanups, we assess the impact of these policies on plastic bag litter. We find that plastic bag policies lead to a 25 to 47% decrease in plastic bags as a share of total items collected at cleanups relative to areas without policies, with taxes possibly further reducing shoreline litter. At a time when many jurisdictions are considering bag policies, while others are preemptively prohibiting them, our study provides evidence that they mitigate shoreline plastic pollution.
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