編譯｜李言
Science, 19 JAN 2024, Volume 383 Issue 6680
《科學》，2024年1月19日，第383卷，6680期
天文學Astronomy
A pulsar in a binary with a compact object in the mass gap between neutron stars and black holes
在中子星和黑洞之間的質量間隙中有致密物體的雙星系統脈沖星
▲ 作者：EWAN D. BARR, ARUNIMA DUTTA et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg3005
▲ 摘要：
在引力波事件中觀測到的一些致密物體的質量，介于已知的中子星（NSs）和黑洞（BHs）之間。這些質量間隙天體的性質是未知的，它們的宿主雙星系統的形成也是未知的。
我們報告了用MeerKAT對PSR J0514-4002E進行的脈沖星計時觀測。PSR J0514-4002E是球狀星團NGC 1851中的一顆偏心雙毫秒脈沖星。我們發現雙星的總質量為3.887±0.004太陽質量（M⊙），多波長觀測表明，這顆脈沖星的雙星伴星也是一個致密的天體。
該伴星的質量處于質量間隙中，表明這是一個非常大質量的中子星，或是一個低質量的黑洞。我們認為伴星是由兩個早期的中子星合并形成的。
▲ Abstract：
Some compact objects observed in gravitational wave events have masses in the gap between known neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs). The nature of these mass gap objects is unknown, as is the formation of their host binary systems. We report pulsar timing observations made with the Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) of PSR J0514-4002E, an eccentric binary millisecond pulsar in the globular cluster NGC 1851. We found a total binary mass of 3.887 ± 0.004 solar masses (M⊙), and multiwavelength observations show that the pulsar’s binary companion is also a compact object. The companion’s mass (2.09 to 2.71 M⊙, 95% confidence interval) is in the mass gap, indicating either a very massive NS or a low-mass BH. We propose that the companion formed in a merger between two earlier NSs.
物理學Physcis
Logical states for fault-tolerant quantum computation with propagating light
具有傳播光容錯量子計算的邏輯狀態
▲ 作者：SHUNYA KONNO, WARIT ASAVANANT et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk7560
▲ 摘要：
到目前為止，GKP量子比特只在機械和微波頻率下得到了證明。我們實現了光在通信波長傳播時的GKP狀態，并通過無損耗校正的差測進行了驗證。生成過程基于貓態干涉，然后進行零差測量。
我們的最終態表現出非經典性和非高斯性，包括微弱的GKP態實例的三叉戟形狀。向更亮、多峰GKP量子比特的改進將成為光量子計算的基礎。
▲ Abstract：
To date, however, GKP qubits have been demonstrated only at mechanical and microwave frequencies. We realized a GKP state in propagating light at telecommunication wavelength and verified it through homodyne measurements without loss corrections. The generation is based on interference of cat states, followed by homodyne measurements. Our final states exhibit nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity, including the trident shape of faint instances of GKP states. Improvements toward brighter, multipeaked GKP qubits will be the basis for quantum computation with light.
生物學Biology
The global distribution of plants used by humans
人類使用植物的全球分布
▲ 作者：S. PIRONON, I. ONDO et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg8028
▲ 摘要：
在此，我們調查了35687種人類利用的植物物種的全球分布，包括10種用途（如食品、醫藥、材料）。我們的研究結果表明，利用植物多樣性與總植物多樣性之間存在普遍的一致性，這促進了物種多樣性保護及其對人類的貢獻的潛力。
盡管中美洲、非洲之角和南亞的土著土地擁有不成比例的利用植物多樣性，但保護區的出現率與利用物種豐富度呈負相關。尋找保護利用植物和傳統知識集中地區的機制必須成為實施《昆明—蒙特利爾全球生物多樣性框架》的優先事項。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we investigate the global distribution of 35,687 utilized plant species spanning 10 use categories (e.g., food, medicine, material). Our findings indicate general concordance between utilized and total plant diversity, supporting the potential for simultaneously conserving species diversity and its contributions to people. Although Indigenous lands across Mesoamerica, the Horn of Africa, and Southern Asia harbor a disproportionate diversity of utilized plants, the incidence of protected areas is negatively correlated with utilized species richness. Finding mechanisms to preserve areas containing concentrations of utilized plants and traditional knowledge must become a priority for the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
地球科學Earth Science
Surface deformations of the 6 February 2023 earthquake sequence, eastern Türkiye
2023年2月6日土耳其東部地震序列的地表變形
▲ 作者：JIANNAN MENG, TIMOTHY KUSKY et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj3770
▲ 摘要：
2023年2月6日，兩次強烈地震襲擊了土耳其。最初的破裂發生在死海斷裂帶，24秒后，當破裂轉移到東安納托利亞斷裂帶（EAFZ）時，發生了最大位移和能量釋放[矩量級(Mw)7.8]。7個多小時后，EAFZ與東西走向的?ardak-Sürgü斷層交界處發生了4.5級余震，86分鐘后發生了第二次大地震，表明兩者之間存在因果關系。
我們提供了滑坡斷層的地表偏移量和運動學的定量地面和航空文件，提供了大型大陸走滑地震期間地表變形、破裂傳播機制以及滑移如何在復雜斷層系統之間轉移的重要數據。我們還提供了關于沿著相連斷層系統滑動是如何適應全球板塊運動的見解。
▲ Abstract：
Two powerful earthquakes struck Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The initial rupture was on the Dead Sea fault zone, yet maximum displacements and energy release [moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8] occurred 24 seconds later when rupture transferred to the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ). More than 7 hours later, a Mw 4.5 aftershock at the junction of the EAFZ with the east-west striking ?ardak-Sürgü fault was followed 86 minutes later by the second large (Mw 7.5) earthquake, suggesting a causal relationship. We provide quantitative ground and aerial documentation of surface offsets and kinematics from the slipped faults, providing important data on surface deformation during large continental strike-slip earthquakes, rupture propagation mechanisms, and how slip may be transferred between complex fault systems. We also provide insight into how slip along linked fault systems accommodates global plate motions.
Supershear triggering and cascading fault ruptures of the 2023 Kahramanmara, Türkiye, earthquake doublet
2023年土耳其雙重地震的超剪切誘發和級聯斷層破裂
▲ 作者：CHUNMEI REN, ZEXIN WANG et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1519
▲ 摘要：
2023年2月6日，兩次大地震（震級為7.8級和7.6級）震撼了敘利亞東南部和北部的廣大地區，造成重大人員傷亡和經濟損失。為了研究多個斷層段的破裂過程，我們對當地地震和大地測量數據進行了綜合分析，確定了初始分支上的超剪切破裂和事件1 Amanos段上的PazarcIk、Erkenek段以及亞剪切破裂。
事件2的雙側破裂也表現出明顯的亞剪切速度和超剪切速度。分支斷層破裂的動態應力在兩條斷層交界處以西9公里處觸發Pazarck段初始破裂，促進主斷層Pazarck段的超剪切破裂。多個節段的幾何形狀和預應力水平控制著斷裂行為，并影響地震動強度。
▲ Abstract：
On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes (moment magnitude 7.8 and 7.6) shocked a vast area of southeastern Türkiye and northern Syria, leading to heavy casualties and economic loss. To investigate the rupture process over multiple fault segments, we performed a comprehensive analysis of local seismic and geodetic data and determined supershear ruptures on the initial branch and the Pazarck and Erkenek segments and subshear ruptures on the Amanos segment of event 1. The bilateral rupture of event 2 also presents distinct sub- and supershear velocities. The dynamic stress of the branch fault rupture triggered the Pazarck segment initial rupture at a point 9 kilometers west of the junction of these two faults, boosting the supershear rupture of the Pazarck segment of the main fault. The geometry and prestress level of multiple segments controlled the rupture behaviors and influenced the ground shaking intensity.
醫學Medicine
Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid
長新冠中持續性補體失調以及血栓炎癥跡象
▲ 作者：CARLO CERVIA-HASLER, SARAH C. BR?NINGK et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7942
▲ 摘要：
長新冠肺炎令人衰弱，且病因不明。我們對確診為嚴重急性呼吸綜合征冠狀病毒2感染后隨訪12個月的COVID-19患者的血清進行了多模式蛋白質組學分析。對268個縱向樣本中超過6500種蛋白質的分析顯示，在經歷長冠的個體中補體系統激活失調。
因此，活躍性長新冠的特征是末端補體系統失調和替代補體途徑和經典補體途徑的持續激活，后者與幾種皰疹病毒的抗體滴度增加有關，可能刺激了這一途徑。
此外，溶血、組織損傷、血小板活化和單核細胞血小板聚集的標志物在長新冠病例中升高。機器學習證實，補體蛋白和血栓炎性蛋白是最重要的生物標志物，有必要對這些系統進行診斷和治療。
▲ Abstract：
Long Covid is a debilitating condition of unknown etiology. We performed multimodal proteomics analyses of blood serum from COVID-19 patients followed up to 12 months after confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Analysis of >6500 proteins in 268 longitudinal samples revealed dysregulated activation of the complement system, an innate immune protection and homeostasis mechanism, in individuals experiencing Long Covid. Thus, active Long Covid was characterized by terminal complement system dysregulation and ongoing activation of the alternative and classical complement pathways, the latter associated with increased antibody titers against several herpesviruses possibly stimulating this pathway. Moreover, markers of hemolysis, tissue injury, platelet activation, and monocyte–platelet aggregates were increased in Long Covid. Machine learning confirmed complement and thromboinflammatory proteins as top biomarkers, warranting diagnostic and therapeutic interrogation of these systems.
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