Science, Volume 384, Issue 6691,5 Apr 2024
《科學(xué)》第384卷，6691期，2024年4月5日
化學(xué)物理Chemical-Physics
Single body-coupled fiber enables chipless textile electronics
單體耦合光纖實(shí)現(xiàn)無芯片紡織電子產(chǎn)品
▲作者：WEIFENG YANG, SHAOMEI LIN, WEI GONG, RONGZHOU LIN, CHENGMEI JIANG, XIN YANG, YUNHAO HU, JINGJIE WANG, XIAO XIAO, ,AND HONGZHI
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3755
▲ 摘要：
智能紡織品為將科技融入日常生活提供了一個(gè)理想的平臺(tái)。然而，目前的紡織電子系統(tǒng)通常依賴于剛性硅組件，這限制了無縫集成，能源效率和舒適性。由于缺乏動(dòng)態(tài)能量轉(zhuǎn)換載體，無芯片電子系統(tǒng)仍然面臨數(shù)字邏輯的挑戰(zhàn)。
研究者提出了一種無芯片體耦合能量交互機(jī)制，用于環(huán)境電磁能量收集和單光纖無線信號(hào)傳輸。這種光纖本身可以實(shí)現(xiàn)無線視覺數(shù)字交互，而不需要在紡織品上安裝額外的芯片或電池。
因?yàn)樗械碾娮咏M件都融合在一個(gè)微型纖維中，這有利于可擴(kuò)展的制造和與現(xiàn)代編織技術(shù)的兼容性，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)多功能和智能服裝。研究者提出了一個(gè)可能解決硅基紡織系統(tǒng)問題的策略。
▲ Abstract：
Intelligent textiles provide an ideal platform for merging technology into daily routines. However, current textile electronic systems often rely on rigid silicon components, which limits seamless integration, energy efficiency, and comfort. Chipless electronic systems still face digital logic challenges owing to the lack of dynamic energy-switching carriers. We propose a chipless body-coupled energy interaction mechanism for ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless signal transmission through a single fiber. The fiber itself enables wireless visual–digital interactions without the need for extra chips or batteries on textiles. Because all of the electronic assemblies are merged in a miniature fiber, this facilitates scalable fabrication and compatibility with modern weaving techniques, thereby enabling versatile and intelligent clothing. We propose a strategy that may address the problems of silicon-based textile systems.
Pseudo-nanostructure and trapped-hole release induce high thermoelectric performance in PbTe
偽納米結(jié)構(gòu)和困孔釋放誘導(dǎo)PbTe具有較高的熱電性能
▲作者：BAOHAI JIA, DI WU, LIN XIE, WU WANG, TIAN YU, SHANGYANG LI, YAN WANG, YANJUN XU, BINBIN JIANG, AND JIAQING HE
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj8175
▲ 摘要：
熱電材料可以實(shí)現(xiàn)電與熱的直接相互轉(zhuǎn)換。然而，由于強(qiáng)糾纏的電和熱輸運(yùn)性質(zhì)，開發(fā)提高高熱電性能的策略具有挑戰(zhàn)性。
研究者展示了在P型碲化鉛材料中實(shí)現(xiàn)了空位團(tuán)簇的偽納米結(jié)構(gòu)和捕獲空穴釋放的動(dòng)態(tài)載流子調(diào)節(jié)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了聲子和載流子傳輸?shù)耐瑫r(shí)調(diào)節(jié)。在554開爾文的溫差下，研究還在分段模塊中實(shí)現(xiàn)了~15.5%的能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率。研究展示了中溫?zé)犭娫谝幌盗胁煌瑧?yīng)用中的前景。
▲ Abstract：
Thermoelectric materials can realize direct and mutual conversion between electricity and heat. However, developing a strategy to improve high thermoelectric performance is challenging because of strongly entangled electrical and thermal transport properties. We demonstrate a case in which both pseudo-nanostructures of vacancy clusters and dynamic charge-carrier regulation of trapped-hole release have been achieved in p-type lead telluride–based materials, enabling the simultaneous regulations of phonon and charge carrier transports. We also achieved an energy conversion efficiency of ~15.5% at a temperature difference of 554 kelvin in a segmented module. Our demonstration shows promise for mid-temperature thermoelectrics across a range of different applications.
化學(xué)Chemistry
Molecularly thin, two-dimensional all-organic perovskites
分子厚度二維全有機(jī)鈣鈦礦
▲作者：HWA SEOB CHOI, JUN LIN, GANG WANG, WALTER P. D. WONG, IN-HYEOK PARK, FANG LIN, JUN YIN, KAI LENG, JUNHAO LIN, AND KIAN PING LOH
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk8912
▲ 摘要：
近年來，具有三維結(jié)構(gòu)的全有機(jī)鈣鈦礦的出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大了鈣鈦礦材料的潛在應(yīng)用。然而，二維形式的全有機(jī)鈣鈦礦的合成和利用在很大程度上仍未被探索，因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)原理尚未開發(fā)。
研究者合成了一種無金屬的二維層狀鈣鈦礦，表示為CL-v相，化學(xué)式為A2B2X4，其中A表示比B更大的陽離子，X表示陰離子。CL-v相的介電常數(shù)在4.8 ~ 5.5之間，證明了其作為薄膜晶體管柵極介質(zhì)的潛力。
▲ Abstract：
Recently, the emergence of all-organic perovskites with three-dimensional (3D) structures has expanded the potential applications of perovskite materials. However, the synthesis and utilization of all-organic perovskites in 2D form remain largely unexplored because the design principle has not been developed. We present the successful synthesis of a metal-free 2D layered perovskite, denoted as the Choi-Loh van der Waals phase (CL-v phase), with the chemical formula A2B2X4, where A represents a larger-sized cation compared to B and X denotes an anion. The dielectric constants of the CL-v phase range from 4.8 to 5.5 and we demonstrate their potential as gate dielectrics for thin-film transistors.
Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling
脫羧偶聯(lián)氧化還原活性酯和烯烴的碳季銨化反應(yīng)
▲作者：XU-CHENG GAN, BENXIANG ZHANG, NATHAN DAO, CHENG BI, MAITHILI POKLE, LIYAN KAN, MICHAEL R. COLLINS, CHET C. TYROL, PHILIPPE N. BOLDUC , AND RYAN SHENVI
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5619
▲ 摘要：
季碳的合成通常需要許多步驟和復(fù)雜的條件或苛刻的試劑，這些試劑作用于高度工程化的底物。研究者報(bào)告了一種簡單的催化劑和還原劑組合，將兩種類型的原料化學(xué)品——羧酸和烯烴，通過自由基中間體的季銨化轉(zhuǎn)化為四取代碳。
鐵卟啉催化劑通過電子轉(zhuǎn)移或氫原子轉(zhuǎn)移激活每個(gè)底物，然后通過雙分子均溶取代（SH2）反應(yīng)將碎片結(jié)合。這種交叉偶聯(lián)減少了從簡單的化學(xué)原料中獲得大量含季碳產(chǎn)品的合成負(fù)擔(dān)。
▲ Abstract：
The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates. An iron porphyrin catalyst activates each substrate by electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer, and then combines the fragments using a bimolecular homolytic substitution （SH2） reaction. This cross-coupling reduces the synthetic burden to procure numerous quaternary carbon– --containing products from simple chemical feedstocks.
農(nóng)業(yè)Agriculture
Joint environmental and social benefits from diversified agriculture
多樣化農(nóng)業(yè)帶來的環(huán)境和社會(huì)效益
▲作者：LAURA VANG RASMUSSEN, INGO GRASS, ZIA MEHRABI, OLIVIA M. SMITH, RACHEL BEZNER-KERR, JENNIFER BLESH, LUCAS ALEJANDRO GARIBALDI, MARNEY E. ISAAC, CHRISTINA M. KENNEDY, AND CLAIRE KREMEN
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj1914
▲ 摘要：
農(nóng)業(yè)單一化的持續(xù)擴(kuò)大是以犧牲農(nóng)業(yè)形式的多樣化為代價(jià)的。例如這種以集中管理的單一栽培形式進(jìn)行的簡化，對(duì)于確保世界處于安全和公正的地球系統(tǒng)邊界內(nèi)構(gòu)成了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
研究者評(píng)估了農(nóng)業(yè)多樣化如何同時(shí)影響社會(huì)和環(huán)境結(jié)果。根據(jù)11個(gè)國家2655個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的24項(xiàng)研究，他們展示了專注于牲畜、作物、土壤、非作物種植和水資源保護(hù)的五種多樣化戰(zhàn)略如何有益于社會(huì)（如人類福祉、產(chǎn)量和糧食安全）和環(huán)境（如生物多樣性、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)和減少環(huán)境外部性）的結(jié)果。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與單一的管理策略相比，應(yīng)用多種多元化策略能產(chǎn)生更積極的結(jié)果。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這些利益，需要設(shè)計(jì)良好的政策來激勵(lì)一致采用多種多樣化戰(zhàn)略。
▲ Abstract：
Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.
生命科學(xué) Life Science
Bronchoconstriction damages airway epithelia by crowding-induced excess cell extrusion
支氣管收縮通過擁擠誘導(dǎo)的過度細(xì)胞擠壓損害氣道上皮
▲作者：DUSTIN C. BAGLEY, TOBIAS RUSSELL, ELENA ORTIZ-ZAPATER, SALLY STINSON, KRISTINA FOX, POLLY F. REDD, MERRY JOSEPH, CASSANDRA DEERING-RICE, CHRISTOPHER REILLY , AND JODY ROSENBLATT
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk2758
▲ 摘要：
哮喘被認(rèn)為是一種炎癥性疾病，其明確的診斷特征是機(jī)械性支氣管收縮。之前發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)保守的過程，稱為細(xì)胞擠壓，當(dāng)細(xì)胞變得過于擁擠時(shí)，它會(huì)驅(qū)動(dòng)穩(wěn)態(tài)上皮細(xì)胞死亡。
新研究表明，支氣管收縮發(fā)作的病理性擁擠導(dǎo)致大量上皮細(xì)胞擠壓，從而損害氣道，導(dǎo)致小鼠和人類的炎癥和黏液分泌。盡管用沙丁胺醇急救治療放松氣道不會(huì)影響這些反應(yīng)，但在支氣管收縮過程中抑制活細(xì)胞擠壓信號(hào)會(huì)阻止所有這些特征。
研究結(jié)果表明，支氣管收縮通過過度擁擠誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞擠壓導(dǎo)致上皮損傷和炎癥，并表明阻斷上皮擠壓而不是隨后的下游炎癥可以阻止前驅(qū)哮喘炎癥循環(huán)。
▲ Abstract：
Asthma is deemed an inflammatory disease, yet the defining diagnostic feature is mechanical bronchoconstriction. We previously discovered a conserved process called cell extrusion that drives homeostatic epithelial cell death when cells become too crowded. In this work, we show that the pathological crowding of a bronchoconstrictive attack causes so much epithelial cell extrusion that it damages the airways, resulting in inflammation and mucus secretion in both mice and humans. Although relaxing the airways with the rescue treatment albuterol did not affect these responses, inhibiting live cell extrusion signaling during bronchoconstriction prevented all these features. Our findings show that bronchoconstriction causes epithelial damage and inflammation by excess crowding-induced cell extrusion and suggest that blocking epithelial extrusion, instead of the ensuing downstream inflammation, could prevent the feed-forward asthma inflammatory cycle.
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